Cornelia Laule
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ADVICE AND INSIGHTS FROM UBC FACULTY ON REACHING OUT TO SUPERVISORS
These videos contain some general advice from faculty across UBC on finding and reaching out to a potential thesis supervisor.
Supervision Enquiry
Graduate Student Supervision
Doctoral Student Supervision
Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
Myelin, the lipid-rich sheath which wraps around axons, has complex and unique physical and chemical properties which can be used to produce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. Developing MRI to measure myelin is vital for monitoring the brain and spinal cord in health and disease. This thesis explores four MRI techniques sensitive to myelin: myelin water imaging (MWI), magnetisation transfer (MT), inhomogeneous magnetisation transfer (ihMT) and diffusion imaging.First, these metrics were recorded in regions throughout the healthy adult and pediatric brain. Reproducibility, dynamic range and correlations between metrics were investigated. Healthy adult and pediatric atlases of the metrics were made publicly available for other neuroimaging researchers.Next, the orientation dependence of MWI, MT and ihMT was quantified. White matter is anisotropic, consisting of fiber bundles which vary in angle to the MRI main magnetic field. This can affect MRI metrics through the susceptibility of lipid-rich myelin, anisotropic vasculature, iron content, dipole-dipole and magic angle effects. We found that the orientation dependence curve for each metric varied between brain regions, suggesting that microstructural parameters other than fibre angle are affecting the orientation dependence. Then, we investigated the orientation dependence of ihMT in more detail, using a phospholipid bilayer sample rotated in a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to measure the variation with angle of the breadth of the lipid spectrum and dipolar order relaxation time. We found that the lipid linewidth had a greater effect on ihMT than the dipolar order relaxation time under our experimental conditions.Finally, ex vivo human spinal cord injury (SCI) tissue from the International SCI Biobank was scanned at 7 Tesla to obtain MWI, ihMT and diffusion metrics. This tissue then underwent histological staining for myelin lipids and inflammatory cells. We performed correlations between the MRI metrics and the digitised histological staining to validate the metrics’ specificity to myelin and sensitivity to inflammation processes. We measured the MRI metrics in motor and sensory white matter tracts along the cord, which provided a first glimpse into the possible utility of these techniques as biomarkers to assess the impact of SCI on myelin and axons in vivo.
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Myelin water imaging (MWI) is a quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) method that specifically measures the myelin content in the central nervous system. MWI operates on the principle that the MR signal of water trapped between myelin bilayers can be extracted from the total MR signal based on a characteristic short T2 relaxation time. The ratio of myelin water signal relative to the total signal is termed myelin water fraction (MWF), used as a quantitative biomarker for myelin. This thesis explores three aspects of MWI: application, atlases, and algorithms. Firstly, the MWI was applied to study cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), which is a common spinal cord neurodegenerative disease. The function of the spinal cord conduction was assessed by an electrophysiologic technique called somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP). Significant MWF reduction was observed in those CSM patients with functional deficits (e.g. delayed SSEP latency). A linear correlation between the MWF and the SSEP latency was discovered in CSM. Secondly, the MWI atlases, which represent the MWI normative references of the normal myelin distribution in the brain and spinal cord, were created by coregistering and averaging the MWI images acquired from many healthy volunteers. These resulting atlases were utilized to demonstrate areas of demyelination in individuals with pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis. The MWI atlases have been uploaded on the Internet and made publicly available. Thirdly, the current MWI data analysis, based on the non-negative least squares (NNLS) method, was accelerated by implementing the neural network (NN) algorithm. A NN model was trained by the ground truth labels produced by the commonly used NNLS method. The trained NN model achieved to yield a whole-brain MWF map in 33 seconds, which is 150 faster than the NNLS method. Finally, a novel T2 data analysis method, namely the spectrum analysis for multiple exponentials via experimental condition oriented simulation (SAME-ECOS), was proposed. SAME-ECOS is a simulation-derived solver that tailored for different MR experimental conditions. When dealing with the MWI data, it is found that SAME-ECOS largely surpassed the NNLS method in terms of calculation accuracy and speed.
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Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
Previous work has suggested that advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for quantifying myelin may be dependent on the orientation of the myelin sheath relative to the external magnetic field. The extent these MRI metrics are dependent on orientation affects comparisons between regions in the brain oriented differently to the main magnetic field, longitudinal studies examining tissue that might be variably positioned within the MRI scanner, and comparisons between healthy and disease tissue as inflammation may disperse axons. In this study, 6 donated human spinal cord tissue samples were scanned using a 9.4T Bruker pre-clinical MRI. Data was collected using myelin water imaging (MWI), magnetization transfer (MT), and inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT, both cosine modulated and T1d filtered) experiments at 9-10 different angles relative to the main magnetic field. Four myelin metrics were extracted from the different scans (myelin water fraction (MWF), MT ratio (MTR), cosine modulated ihMT ratio (ihMTRcos), T1d filtered ihMT ratio (ihMTRT1d)) in all white matter (WM) and 5 WM regions of interest (ROIs). Reproducibility was assessed using coefficients of variation (COVs) for 5 angles that were rescanned after repositioning 3 of the spinal cord samples. Myelin metrics in all WM and specific WM ROIs were plotted against spinal cord angle, and plots were visually assessed. Overall MWF and ihMTRT1d had the largest COVs in all WM and individual WM ROIs, followed by ihMTRcos, and then MTR. The large COVs in ihMTRT1d may be due to a grainy artifact seen in some of the metric maps. MWF had the largest variation with angle, followed by ihMTRT1d, then ihMTRcos, and MTR with the least variation. MTR had similar patterns in the variation with angle between WM ROIs and within most participants suggesting that it is orientation dependent. The pattern of variation of the other 3 myelin metrics with angle appeared to vary between participants, suggesting that some of the orientation dependence may be due to issues with data collection and/or inter-individual differences. Future work should optimize scan protocols at oblique angles to study orientation dependence and create a correction model for orientation dependence of myelin MRI metrics.
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Neurofilaments are neuronal-specific proteins involved in neuroaxonal functions like determining axonal diameter and transporting organelles and other proteins. After neuronal tissue damage, neurofilaments are detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood in many neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Metrics derived from quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques specific to myelin content and axonal integrity have been proposed as potential biomarkers of MS disease processes. While there have been studies associating higher neurofilament levels, particularly the light chain (NfL), in blood with disease progression, greater lesion volume, and atrophy, few studies have examined the relationship between NfL and advanced imaging measures in MS. In this thesis, linear regressions were used to assess the relationship between serum NfL and MRI measures in the whole brain, normal appearing white matter, and lesions. 103 participants (20 clinically isolated syndrome, 33 relapsing-remitting MS, 30 secondary progressive MS, 20 primary progressive MS) underwent 3T MRI to obtain the measures myelin water fraction (MWF), water content, high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) derived axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and fractional anisotropy (FA), diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) derived AD, RD, FA, water, fiber, restricted, and hindered ratios, T1, geometric mean T2 (GMT2), normalized brain, lesion, thalamic, and deep grey matter (GM) volumes, and cortical thickness. Blood was collected on the same day as MR experiments and quantified using single molecule array (SIMOA) technology (Quanterix). Some measures were transformed for normality and multiple comparison correction was applied. Higher serum NfL levels were associated with lower brain structure volumes (thalamus, deep GM, normalized brain volume) and cortical thickness as well as higher lesion volume. Furthermore, increasing serum NfL levels were seen with increasing metrics of myelin damage (MWF decrease, RD increase), axonal damage (FA decrease, AD increase), edema and inflammation (T1, GMT2 increase), and decreasing metrics for cellularity (restricted ratio). The results show that myelin and axonal health are strongly coupled where there is a cascade of damage occurring in the MS brain causing NfL release. Serum NfL may be a useful biomarker that reflects not only axonal loss, but also myelin damage and brain volume changes.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an increasingly popular treatment for psychiatric diseases including depression, the most common cause of psychiatric disability worldwide. TMS is an effective treatment for depression even in patients where conventional pharmacological and therapeutic treatments for the disease have been unsuccessful. As the mechanism of TMS relies on electromagnetic induction, it is a completely noninvasive treatment.While TMS is known to be effective in treating depression, exactly how TMS affects the brain is an active area of research. To properly study the effects of TMS in vivo, non-invasive methods are required. As such, magnetic resonance (MR) modalities present an attractive option due to their non-invasive nature. There is interest in studying the effects of TMS using MR concurrently with TMS, however, concurrent TMS/MR is challenging due to TMS-related distortions to the MR scanners magnetic field. MR Spectroscopy (MRS) is ideal for TMS/MR applications as not only does MRS provide information about brain chemicals thought to change during TMS, it also is sensitive enough to characterize distortions that are present in other MR images but not as easy to recognize.In this thesis, non-water-suppressed MRS experiments were performed concurrently with TMS to characterize distortions to the MRS water signal. Phantom experiments were performed under a wide range of experimental conditions, varying MRS voxel positioning and parameters related to TMS pulsing. Distortions investigated included signal-noise ratio, free induction decay spikes, B0 inhomogeneity, eddy currents, and frequency modulation sidebands. As a proof of concept, concurrent TMS/MRS results from a human experiment are presented.The dominant source of signal distortion was found to be related to the presence of the TMS coil itself, and the magnitude of the distortions depended most strongly on the position of the MRS voxel relative to the TMS coil. To a lesser extent, TMS pulses further distorted MRS signal, particularly at higher pulse amplitudes and when there was a smaller time delay between the TMS pulse and 90◦ radiofrequency pulse.This work presents results from the first concurrent TMS/MRS experiments reported. It is intended that these results provide guidance for future research using concurrent TMS/MRS.
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures relative signals arising from spins on different metabolites, e.g. N-Acetyl aspartate (NAA). To improve the interpretability of changes caused by disease, it is optimal to convert these relative signals to absolute concentrations e.g. by referencing it to the MR signal of water. Segmentation of high-resolution qualitative magnetic resonance images (MRI) is an accessible and easy-to-use method to estimate the properties of tissue water in the spectroscopic volume of interest (VOI), including water content, [H₂O], and relaxation properties (T₁, T₂) with pre-determined literature values. However, these tissue properties can change in disease and with age. Therefore, we proposed the use of a quantitative MRI approach to reference metabolite concentrations by measuring subject-specific T₁ and T₂ relaxation as well as water content maps. The approach was first validated by measuring a range of biologically relevant water contents and metabolite concentrations in vitro. [H₂O] was overestimated by 4.8% on average, while NAA concentrations were underestimated by 9.9%. In a study of ten healthy controls comparing the traditional segmentation quantification with the novel quantitative MRI method, we observed larger variabilities for subject-specific water properties, which did not propagate to the variability of the absolute metabolite concentrations of the neurochemicals (p > 0.37). Metabolite concentrations were lower with the quantitative MRI approach by -5.4% (p=0.002) in a white matter volume of interest (VOI) and -2.4% (p=0.002) in a grey matter VOI compared to the segmentation-based quantification.The quantitative MRI method for calculating absolute metabolite concentrations in MRS showed promising results, offering a potential alternative for the currently widely used segmentation approach.
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