Carl Michal
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Graduate Student Supervision
Doctoral Student Supervision
Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
MRI-based assessments of the human brain are critical for research, diagnosis and treatmentof neurological disorders. Future clinical practice will demand accurate and consistent quantitative methodology alongside today’s qualitative image evaluations. Consequently, MRI research focuses on developing physical understanding of prevalent techniques and establishing new methods for efficient quantitative analysis. The brain’s complex structure complicates this goal. Myelin, a lipid-rich tissue aiding in signal transmission along axons in white matter, creates useful image contrast but also complicates the interpretation of measurements using canonical models. In this dissertation, we conduct experiments using solid-state NMR and in vivo MRI to examine assumptions in current MRI methods leading to potential quantitative errors. We propose improvements to these methods and an adaptation to an existing model. A straightforward yet effective view of white matter is to separate proton populations into two pools, aqueous and non-aqueous, between which protons, and therefore magnetization, can exchange. This transfer can significantly affect the measured longitudinal relaxation (T₁) depending on the preparation of each pool. First, we study the impact of adiabatic inversion pulses applied to white matter through NMR experiments on ex vivo brain samples and then compare these results to analogous in vivo experiments. We demonstrate that, contrary to common assumption, the non-aqueous pool is not saturated by typical adiabatic inversion pulses, although the aqueous pool is fully inverted, which results in bi-exponential longitudinal recovery. We compare this relaxation to that following hard and selective pulses, which are understood to result in mono- and bi-exponential recovery, respectively. Next, we perform NMR experiments on ex vivo brain samples using hard and selective pulses to initiate magnetization transfer demonstrating similar T₁ biasing effects during Look-Locker and Variable Flip Angle sequences. We evaluate sources of systematic error pertinent to MRI applications. Finally, we modify the canonical Bloch-McConnell equations describing two-pool relaxation to incorporate fractional-order derivatives. We examine a numerical solution and provide an approximate analytical solution, which we use to model inversion recovery in heterogenous model systems, ex vivo, and in vivo brain. An additional fit parameter is introduced which may be used as a new contrast source.
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Studying the high-temperature treatments of biomass-derived materials is essential to understand their thermal decomposition and characterize useful carbonized products in a frame of environmental sustainability. The goal of this thesis is the mechanistic understanding of thermal degradation (150-800 °C) in oxidizing and inert atmospheres of two types of cellulose materials, also identifying applications for the product.Cellulose filaments (CFs) are microfibril bundles and heterogeneous fibrillar mass extracted through mechanical refinement. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are produced through dissolution of amorphous regions and may contain sulfate (S-CNC) or carboxylate (C-CNC) surface groups, depending on the preparation conditions. Acid groups of as-prepared CNCs can be neutralized with alkali counterions. CNC suspensions can be freeze-dried or air-dried forming birefringent aerogels and iridescent chiral nematic films, respectively.The kinetics and thermochemistry of thermal degradation of cellulose materials, as well as their morphological and chiroptical modifications, were studied by several techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. From these and other techniques, it was deduced that CFs have a simple degradation mechanism, and the highest stability among the materials studied (325 °C), despite abundant amorphous regions and inhomogeneous fibrous mass. When fully gasified, CFs emit a large fraction of alcohol-based gases, including biofuels. CNC-H aerogels decompose in complex ways below 200 °C, with abundant char and sulfur evaporation at high temperatures. Sodium counterions in S-CNC-Na aerogels improve the stability up to 300 °C, where partial surface rehydration and formation of sodium hydroxide occur, while carbonization yields highly condensed structures. In their air-dried form, the thermal stability of S-CNC films can be improved with larger alkali counterions and the cholesteric structure is maintained even after prolonged thermal treatment, advantageous for potential applications as temperature sensors.In contrast to S-CNC, C-CNC aerogels are more thermally stable in acid form. Here, the presence of sodium often accelerates the degradation by decomposition into sodium carbonate. Higher carboxylate content and specific surface area were found to shift C-CNC degradation towards lower temperatures, as well as catalyzing decarboxylation in acid form. The results of this thesis will inform the development of novel cellulose materials with high thermal stability.
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In order to guide the development of innovative materials and their applications, a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive their unique properties is necessary. It has been widely observed that the well-established theory of driven and self-diffusion in highly diluted solutions does not directly apply to higher concentrations. The deviation from the existing theory of transport in high concentration materials is responsible, in part, for some interesting phenomena that present opportunities for innovative applications. Due to a limited number of direct measurement techniques, the mechanisms behind these phenomena remain unknown.In this dissertation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is deployed as a tool to track the migration of magnetically visible species in complex systems. We track the transport of chromophores in electro-optical devices that can change their light-transmission properties with the application of voltage. We investigate room temperature ionic liquids and electrolyte salts in piezoionic materials, which are the basis for artificial nerves and muscles. Finally, we explore the initiating factors of crosslinker diffusion in vitrimers, a class of polymers that presents an opportunity for truly recyclable plastics. We use the well-established technique of pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) to measure self-diffusion and extend our measurements to electrophoretic mobility by using a new, low-cost, home-built electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) probe. eNMR development still faces a variety of application challenges. We overcome some of them by setting the driven diffusion in a direction perpendicular to the majority of undesired flows such as convection currents or bubbles. Using this new probe, we successfully measure electrophoretic mobilities of individual ions which accurately predict conductivities in concentrated solutions. By measuring both driven and self-diffusion in a variety of materials, we explain some of the transport mechanisms that are behind unique material behaviours. In all the systems investigated, we find that some interaction between the ions, solvent, polymer, or a combination of the three, create interesting phenomena that alter the description of diffusion and mobility from known theory.
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A major goal of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) community is quantifying myelin in white matter. MRI contrast depends on tissue microstructure, so quantitative models require detailed understanding of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) physics in white matter's complex, heterogeneous environment. In this thesis, we study the underlying physics behind two different ¹H contrast mechanisms in white and grey matter tissue: T₁ relaxation and the recently developed inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer (ihMT).Using ex-vivo white and grey matter samples of bovine brain, we performed a comprehensive solid-state NMR study of T₁ relaxation under six diverse initial conditions. For the first time, we used lineshape fitting to quantify the non-aqueous magnetization during relaxation. A four pool model describes our data well, matching with earlier studies. We also show examples of how the observed T₁ relaxation behaviour depends upon the initial conditions.ihMT's sensitivity to lipid bilayers, like those in myelin, was originally thought to rely upon hole-burning in the supposedly inhomogeneously-broadened lipid lineshape. Our work shows that this is incorrect and that ihMT only requires the presence of dipolar couplings, not a specific kind of line broadening. We developed a simple explanation of ihMT using a spin-1 system. Using solid-state NMR, we then performed measurements of ihMT and T₁D (dipolar order relaxation time) on four samples: a multilamellar lipid system (Prolipid-161), wood, hair, and bovine tendon. ihMT was observed in all samples, even those with homogeneous broadening (wood and hair). Moreover, we saw no evidence of hole-burning.Lastly, we present results from ihMT experiments with CPMG acquisition on the bovine brain samples. We show that myelin water has a higher ihMT signal than water outside the myelin. It was determined that this was due to the unique thermal motion in myelin lipids. In doing so, we developed a useful metric for determining the relative contributions from magnetization transfer and dipolar coupling to ihMT. Also, we applied a qualitative four pool model with dipolar reservoirs. Together, our results are consistent with myelin lipids having a T₁D which is appreciably longer than the T₁D of non-myelin lipids, despite recent measurements to the contrary.
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Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
Nanostructured Ni(OH)₂ electrodes grown on metalized, electro-spun nanofibers have been developed and characterized. On an active mass basis these electrodes, measured using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, showed excellent specific capacitance of 2,123 F/g and specific capacity of 283 mA•h/g compared to the theoretical limits of 2190 F/g and 289 mA•h/g respectively. These electrodes were also able to achieve a maximum specific energy of 90 W•h/kg at a specific power of 727 W/kg and maintain a specific energy of 32 W•h/kg at a power density of 10 kW/kg. When optimized, the nanostructured electrodes had an internal surface area 5 orders of magnitude greater than an equivalent flat plate electrode and achieved a surface area to volume ratio of 2.5x105 cm-¹. Electrical equivalent circuit models were developed to understand device performance and showed a reasonable accuracy when compared with experimental data. Ultimately, device power density was limited by a combination of ohmic resistance and kinetic polarization. Significant mass transport polarization was suppressed due to a combination of low Ni(OH)₂ nanostructure thickness and high electrode porosity. This device architecture features an integrated current collector and the fabrication process does not require any high temperature or electrochemical processing, opening avenues for both cost reduction and manufacturing simplification. Possible applications of this technology are in advanced nickel metal hydride batteries or Ni(OH)₂ asymmetric storage devices.
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Whelks (sea snails) deposit their eggs into tough protein capsules that protect the eggs from the harsh marine environment. The mechanical properties of the protein capsule are fascinating. At low strain the capsule material is stiff but elastic, while at higher strain the modulus decreases and the material stretches dramatically. X-ray diffraction measurements and Raman spectroscopy suggest that the capsules’ high extensibility is due to a reversible phase transition of component protein building blocks from a compact ɑ-helical conformation to a more extended softer conformation called β*. In this work, a variety of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments were performed to study the microscopic basis of the egg capsules’ structure and mechanical properties under extension. We have used deuterated probe molecules to study the molecular alignment of whelk egg capsule (WEC). ²H residual quadrupolar splitting measurements are consistent with a two component model for the molecular alignment of WEC, in agreement with optical measurements showing a cross-plied fibre structure. Measurements of ¹H dipolar linewidth and T₁ time as functions of strain are consistent with a previous model that proposed a gradual transition from ɑ-helical coiled-coils to poorly structured worm-like chains with strain. Residual quadrupolar couplings of absorbed water are not strongly affected by strain. Overall, results obtained from these experiments provide useful information to understand the transition mechanism, and may contribute to the development of WEC-like materials for the applications such as new bioencapsulants for delicate tissue implants.
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Using templation with Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC), a mesoporous silica and organosilica film with a tunable chiral nematic pore structure and long, narrow pores has recently been developed. This novel material has interesting optical properties: it selectively reflects left-handed polarized light and has an iridescent appearance, with its perceived colour controlled by tuning the pitch of chiral structure. Its possible applications include enantioselective catalysis and filtering, and optical sensors. In this work, a variety of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments were run to characterize the films and composite systems. ¹³C and ²⁹Si Magic Angle Spinning NMR spectra confirmed removal of the NCC template via sulphuric acid and showed the process does not cleave organosilica bonds. NMR cryoporometry, which uses the signal from absorbed liquid water, relates freezing point depression to pore size. This method was found to be non-destructive, accurate, and more sensitive and precise than nitrogen sorption to determine pore sizes. The silica films were found to have a smaller (~3 nm) pore width size distribution than the organosilica films (~6-9 nm). Using Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) NMR, the diffusion of absorbed water was found to be ~2x as fast perpendicular to the surface normal than parallel to it, with diffusion parallel to the pore axis essentially unrestricted. Silica films had overall slower diffusion than organosilica films. Finally, a composite system was made by functionalizing an organosilica film with n-Octyl, enabling it to absorb ¹⁵N-labelled 8CB liquid crystal. Reversible switching of the reflective properties was seen upon heating absorbed liquid crystals to the isotropic phase. ¹⁵N NMR spectra were taken of the sample with different orientations to the field, showing that at room temperature, the 8CB mesogens are on average aligned down the pores, and after melting, they are isotropic. Large, unexplained magnetic susceptibility effects are seen in the room temperature spectra. Overall, these experiments will enable further development of these materials and other composite systems.
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Solid polymer electrolytes have the potential to improve manufacturability, performance, and safety characteristics of lithium-ion batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes. Two different solid polymer electrolyte materials were characterized using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques. The first material is a result of research efforts on single-ion conducting polymers. The material is intended to combine the high conductivity properties of ionic liquids with lithium cation single-ion conduction. The goal of the synthesis was to produce a polymerized ionic liquid, where crosslinking an anionic monomer (AMLi) with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) immobilizes the fluorinated anionic species. Pulsed-field gradient NMR diffusion measurements of the AMLi/PEGDM samples have demonstrated that both the lithium cations and fluorinated anions are mobile and contributing toward conductivity. Therefore, further work is required to successfully immobilize the fluorinated anion in a crosslinked network. The ⁷Li and ¹⁹F diffusion coefficients of the AMLi/PEGDM 40/60 sample were 3.4x10⁻⁸ cm²/s and 2.2x10⁻⁸ cm²/s at 100°C. The second material incorporates a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) conductive block and polyethylene (PE) reinforcement block. The PEO/PEO-b-PE/LiClO₄ samples were not intended to be single-ion conducting and materials synthesis aimed to maximize conductivity and mechanical properties. A ⁷Li diffusion coefficient of ~4x10⁻⁸ cm²/s at 60°C was observed. It is expected that the anion would also be mobile and therefore the polymer electrolyte would be a bi-ionic conductor. These samples demonstrated higher ⁷Li diffusion coefficients at a given temperature and superior mechanical properties for a flexible polymer electrolyte compared to the AMLi/PEGDM samples. Practically, the diffusion measurements of the solid polymer samples are extremely challenging, as the spin-spin (T₂) relaxation times are very short, necessitating the development of specialized pulsed-field gradient apparatus. These results provide valuable insight into the conduction mechanisms in these materials, and will drive further optimization of solid polymer electrolytes.
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Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were performed in order to investigate the microscopic properties of three resilin/resilin-like proteins: An16, rec1-resilin, and natural resilin in dragonfly tendons. Three different types of experiments were performed: measurements of chemical shifts in carbon-13 spectra, measurements of residual quadrupole couplings in deuterated water absorbed in the samples, and measurements of proton residual dipole couplings based on the buildup of multiple quantum coherences. The results suggest that the molecular chains in the materials tested are primarily randomly coiled and lacking in regular structure, and are able to easily change between many transient conformations. These conformations can vary significantly in terms of their structural characteristics, resulting in a broad distribution of localized dynamics. When stretched, An16 showed a slightly increased tendency to adopt beta-sheet secondary structure. The natural resilin also exhibited slightly more rigid structure than the other materials, which may be related to greater efficiency in the natural crosslinking process.
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Abstract Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) shows very unique properties – in suspension, it spontaneously forms a chiral nematic phase and, in high purity, exhibits iridescence. While native cellulose has historically been extensively studied in solution and solid-state NMR with success, the physical structure between NCC nanocrystallites is not fully known. Due to the complex structure of the nanocrystallites, conventional diffraction techniques cannot fully determine the structure. In this work ¹H-²H exchange coupled with the following NMR techniques were used to investigate the crystallite structure of NCC: ¹³C CP/MAS, ¹³C T₁, T₂ and T₁p measurements and ¹³C-²H and ¹³C-³¹P REDOR.Abstract Results suggest a broad distribution of regions possessing varied dynamical and structural properties. Based upon previously assigned peaks arising from crystalline and amorphous regions, approximately 40% of the NCC particles are characteristic of amorphous and/or surface regions. Even though NCC preparation is designed to remove amorphous regions, this result is remarkably similar to native, untreated cellulose. Proton-deuterium exchange experiments suggest an unequal proton exchangeability between the different possible exchange sites, and suggest that the samples consist not of sharply defined exchangeable and unexchangeable regions, rather they are more uniformly partially exchanged. We also describe a method to determine the number of surface phosphate groups remaining after hydrolysis treatment. ¹³C-³¹P REDOR experiments conclude that 2.6 ± 0.2 phosphate groups are attached to C₂ or C₃ per 100 monomers.
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¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was employed to investigate the structure of spider draglinesilk, powdered recombinant major ampulate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) and 2 (MaSp2) that wereproduced in the milk of genetically engineered goats, and electrospun MaSp1. Cross polarizationspectra were used to assign secondary structures to the protein residues, and longitudinalrelaxation measurements were used to investigate the molecular thermal motion.The crystalline regions of spider silk were found to exhibit nanosecond scale thermal motion,subject to very rigid motional limits. The recombinant MaSp1 and MaSp2 were foundto have very similar structures that exhibited abundant β sheet crystalline regions. ElectrospunMaSp1 however appears to be highly disordered and is perhaps best characterizedas denatured. These results are in contrast to previous findings of spider silk proteins innon-fiber states, where no appreciable crystalline component was observed, and appears tobe inconsistent with previous Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of similarly preparedsamples. Reconsideration of the FTIR data however raises concerns about the interpretationof those data, possibly explaining the disagreement. This work suggests that the lack ofregular structure found in the electrospun MaSp1 is the cause of the very poor mechanicalproperties previously measured for this material.
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Publications
- Cellulose Nanocrystal Chiral Nematic Composites with Wet Mechanical Adaptability (2022)
Chemistry of Materials, - DREAMTIME NMR Spectroscopy: Targeted Multi‐Compound Selection with Improved Detection Limits (2022)
Angewandte Chemie, 134 (19) - Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer imaging: Concepts and directions for further development (2022)
NMR in Biomedicine, - Manipulation of Liquid Crystalline Properties by Dynamic Covalent Chemistry─En Route to Adaptive Materials (2022)
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14 (14), 16755--16763 - Orientation dependence of inhomogeneous magnetization transfer and dipolar order relaxation rate in phospholipid bilayers (2022)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 338, 107205 - Photo-oxidative cross-linking of thiol polydimethylsiloxane co-polymers via disulfide formation (2022)
Polymer Chemistry, - Piezoionic mechanoreceptors: Force-induced current generation in hydrogels (2022)
Science, 376 (6592), 502-507 - Tuning the Optical and Thermal Properties of Both Iridescent and Colorless Cellulose Nanocrystal Films (2022)
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, - Sustainable biochars from carbonization of cellulose filaments and nanocrystals (2021)
Bioresource Technology Reports, 16 - Thermal annealing of iridescent cellulose nanocrystal films (2021)
Carbohydrate Polymers, 272 - Understanding aqueous and non-aqueous proton T1 relaxation in brain (2021)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 323 - Chiral mesophases of hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals (2020)
Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, - Low-cost low-field NMR and MRI: Instrumentation and applications (2020)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 319 - Room temperature crystallization of amorphous polysiloxane using photodimerization (2020)
Chemical Science, - Thermal Degradation of Cellulose Filaments and Nanocrystals (2020)
Biomacromolecules, 21 (8), 3374-3386 - Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal–Agarose Hydrogel (2020)
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12 (46), 52182--52191 - Tunable Diffraction Gratings from Biosourced Lyotropic Liquid Crystals (2020)
Advanced Materials, 32 (19), 1907376 - Dynamics of Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate Measured with Implanted-Ion 8Li β-NMR (2019)
Chemistry of Materials, 31 (22), 9346-9353 - Dynamics of Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate Measured with Implanted-Ion 8Li β-NMR (2019)
Chemistry of Materials, - Hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals with broad-range blue phases (2019)
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, - Post-modification of Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels with Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry (2019)
Biomacromolecules, 20 (7), 2779-2785 - Post-modification of Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels with Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry (2019)
Biomacromolecules, - Solid-state 23Na NMR spectroscopy studies of ordered and disordered cellulose nanocrystal films (2019)
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 97, 31--39 - Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors (2019)
Multifunctional Materials, - The dynamics of liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate measured with implanted-ion 8Li β-NMR (2019)
arXiv, - Thermal degradation of cellulose nanomaterials: Structural and chemical changes (2019)
International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials 2019, 1, 472-666 - A low-cost multi-channel software-defined radio-based NMR spectrometer and ultra-affordable digital pulse programmer (2018)
Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B: Magnetic Resonance Engineering, , e21401 - Biotemplated Lightweight γ-Alumina Aerogels (2018)
Chemistry of Materials, 30 (5), 1602-1609 - Broadband NMR with random-window noise excitation (2018)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 297, 172-179 - Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals in Confined Spaces—Toward Photonic Hybrid Materials (2018)
Advanced Functional Materials, 28 (26) - Iridescent Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Alkylene Spacers (2018)
Advanced Optical Materials, 6 (13) - Lithium-based oligomer ionic liquid for solvent-free conducting materials (2018)
Polymer, 142, 337-347 - On the blue phase structure of hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals via 19F NMR (2018)
Chemical Physics Letters, 710, 39-44 - Corrigendum to “The physical mechanism of “inhomogeneous” magnetization transfer MRI” [J. Magn. Reson. 274 (2017) 125–136](S1090780716302488)(10.1016/j.jmr.2016.11.013) (2017)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 282 - Fluorination of supramolecular liquid crystals-tuning tool and analytical probe (2017)
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 5 (9), 2235-2239 - The physical mechanism of “inhomogeneous” magnetization transfer MRI (2017)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 274, 125-136 - Two-pulse frequency-hopped excitation (2016)
Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A: Bridging Education and Research, 45A (6) - Modeling T1 and T2 relaxation in bovine white matter (2015)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 259, 56-67 - Tuning the photonic properties of chiral nematic mesoporous organosilica with hydrogen-bonded liquid-crystalline assemblies (2015)
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 3 (7), 1537-1545 - Influence of porosity on charging speed of polypyrrole (2014)
Synthetic Metals, - NMR of guest-host systems: 8CB in chiral nematic porous glasses (2014)
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, - Helium ion microscopy: a new tool for imaging novel mesoporous silica and organosilica materials (2013)
Chemical Communications, 49 (16), 1645-1647 - Self-standing single lithium ion conductor polymer network with pendant trifluoromethanesulfonylimide groups: Li+ diffusion coefficients from PFGSTE NMR (2013)
European Polymer Journal, 49 (12), 4108-4117 - Thermal switching of the reflection in chiral nematic mesoporous organosilica films infiltrated with liquid crystals (2013)
ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 5 (15), 6854-6859 - New insights into nano-crystalline cellulose structure and morphology based on solid-state NMR (2012)
Cellulose, 19 (5), 1619-1629 - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of a polymerized ionic liquid electrolyte material (2012)
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1440, 13-18 - A low-cost spectrometer for NMR measurements in the Earth's magnetic field (2010)
Measurement Science & Technology, 21 (10) - Defeating Radiation Damping and Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity with Spatially Encoded Noise (2010)
Chemphyschem, 11 (16), 3447-3455 - Spontaneous Hierarchical Assembly of Crown Ether-like Macrocycles into Nanofibers and Microfibers Induced by Alkali-Metal and Ammonium Salts (2010)
Chemistry-a European Journal, 16 (8), 2453-2460 - Two-photon excitation in nuclear magnetic and quadrupole resonance (2010)
Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 56 (3), 232-246 - Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Resilin (2009)
Integrative and Comparative Biology, 49, E50 - Sub-nanoliter nuclear magnetic resonance coils fabricated with multilayer soft lithography (2009)
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 19 (9) - Water Permeability of Spider Dragline Silk (2009)
Biomacromolecules, 10 (5), 1270-1275 - Structure of Silk using Solid-State NMR (2008)
eMagRes, 2008 - Two-photon Lee-Goldburg nuclear magnetic resonance: Simultaneous homonuclear decoupling and signal acquisition (2008)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 128 (5) - An NMR study of PF6- ions in polypyrrole (2007)
Synthetic Metals, 157 (10-12), 460-466 - Magnetic field homogeneity: A new approach to orthogonalizing and optimizing shim gradients (2007)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 185 (1), 110-117 - Regenerated spider silk as a new biomaterial for MEMS (2006)
Biomedical Microdevices, 8 (4), 317-323 - Spider silk as a new biomaterial for MEMS (2006)
MEMS 2006: 19th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Technical Digest, 2006, 226-229 - Crossed-coil detection of two-photon excited nuclear quadrupole resonance (2005)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 175 (2), 201-209 - Two photon NMR and NQR (2005)
Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 229, U721 - Two-photon two-color nuclear magnetic resonance (vol 121, pg 10167, 2004) (2005)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 123 (5) - A DECODER NMR study of backbone orientation in Nephila clavipes dragline silk under varying strain and draw rate (2004)
Biomacromolecules, 5 (3), 661-665 - Optical enhancement of NMR signals in CdTe (2004)
Physical Review B, 70 (3) - Strain dependent local phase transitions observed during controlled supercontraction reveal mechanisms in spider silk (2004)
Macromolecules, 37 (4), 1342-1345 - Two-photon two-color nuclear magnetic resonance (2004)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 121 (20), 10167-10173 - Nuclear magnetic resonance noise spectroscopy using two-photon excitation (2003)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 118 (8), 3451-3454 - Nuclear spin polarization transfer across an organic-semiconductor interface (2003)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 119 (19), 10325-10329 - Two-photon excitation in nuclear quadrupole resonance (2003)
Chemical Physics Letters, 376 (3-4), 268-273 - A high performance digital receiver for home-built nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (2002)
Review of Scientific Instruments, 73 (2), 453-458 - Time-reversal of the evolution of a dipole-coupled, many-spin system under continuous resonant irradiation (2001)
Journal of Chemical Physics, 114 (1), 409-415 - Orientation, structure, wet-spinning, and molecular basis for supercontraction of spider dragline silk (1999)
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 24 (2-3), 197-201 - Stray-field NMR imaging and wavelength dependence of optically pumped nuclear spin polarization in InP (1999)
Physical Review B, 60 (12), 8672-8679 - Nuclear spin polarization transfer with a single radio-frequency field in optically pumped indium phosphide (1998)
Physical Review Letters, 81 (18), 3988-3991 - Rotational-echo double-resonance in complex biopolymers: A study of Nephila clavipes dragline silk (1998)
Journal of Biomolecular NMR, 12 (2), 231-241 - REDOR 3D: Heteronuclear distance measurements in uniformly labeled and natural abundance solids (1997)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119 (38), 9059-9060 - 13C NMR of Nephila clavipes major ampullate silk gland (1996)
Biophysical Journal, 71 (6), 3442-3447 - C-13 NMR of Nephila clavipes major ampullate silk gland (1996)
Biophysical Journal, 71 (6), 3442-3447 - Deuterium quadrupole-coupling and chemical-shielding tensors in the model dipeptide glycylglycine monohydrochloride monohydrate (1996)
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Series B, 111 (1), 31-39 - Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk (1996)
Science, 271 (5245), 84-87 - Presence of phosphorus in Nephila clavipes dragline silk (1996)
Biophysical Journal, 70 (1), 489-493 - Two novel solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance probes (1996)
Review of Scientific Instruments, 67 (3), 707-709 - SHORT-RANGE AND LONG-RANGE MAGNETIC ORDER IN 1T-LI2NIO2 (1993)
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 105 (2), 410-416 - STRUCTURE OF 1T-LI2NIO2 FROM POWDER NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION (1991)
Solid State Ionics, 46 (3-4), 243-247 - STRUCTURE AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF LI1+/-YNIO2 AND A NEW LI2NIO2 PHASE WITH THE NI(OH)2 STRUCTURE (1990)
Solid State Ionics, 44 (1-2), 87-97
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