Prospective Graduate Students / Postdocs
This faculty member is currently not actively recruiting graduate students or Postdoctoral Fellows, but might consider co-supervision together with another faculty member.
Michael Koehle
Professor
Research Classification
Research Interests
Exercise Physiology
air pollution
Sport and Exercise Medicine
Environmental Physiology
Altitude
Relevant Thesis-Based Degree Programs
Affiliations to Research Centres, Institutes & Clusters
Research Options
I am available and interested in collaborations (e.g. clusters, grants).
I am interested in and conduct interdisciplinary research.
Great Supervisor Week Mentions
Each year graduate students are encouraged to give kudos to their supervisors through social media and our website as part of #GreatSupervisorWeek. Below are students who mentioned this supervisor since the initiative was started in 2017.
I can't let #greatsupervisor week @UBC pass without mentioning @UBCKin's @EnvPhysioLab. I can't thank Dr. Koehle enough!
Graduate Student Supervision
Doctoral Student Supervision
Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
Measuring muscle oxygenation in endurance sports with wearable nirs - from validation to application (2023)
Muscle oxygenation monitoring is enabled by commercially available wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors. This technology is receiving greater attention from athletes, sports practitioners, and researchers. However, a more comprehensive understanding of its utility in sports applications and its validity and reliability in comparison with common internal load measures is desired. For my dissertation, I addressed unanswered questions related to the effect of endurance training on NIRS and the reliability and validity of wearable NIRS. Specifically, I conducted the following studies: (i) a meta-analysis on the effects of endurance training on muscle oxygenation response during an incremental exercise test (IET); (ii) a validation study utilizing wearable NIRS to assess the differences between the respiratory compensation point (RCP) and the deoxygenation breakpoints at the vastus lateralis (VL) and deltoid muscle during an IET; (iii) a study on the effect of high-intensity cycling bouts on muscle oxygenation, and the reliability of wearable NIRS between sessions; and (iv) a study comparing the reliability of muscle oxygenation against common physiological and performance measurements during an intermittent IET. The key findings from my dissertation were (i) following endurance training, the nadir in muscle oxygenation did not demonstrate a change over time during an IET. The relationship between changes in peak power output and a greater minimum muscle oxygen saturation showed a trend following endurance training. (ii) no significant difference between the RCP, and muscle deoxygenation breakpoint at the VL and deltoid muscles, but a large degree of individual heterogeneity existed; (iii) the wearable NIRS sensor yielded a heterogeneous muscle oxygenation response as expected during severe intensity interval exercise on a cycling ergometer, with good reliability between sessions in trained cyclists; and (iv) muscle oxygenation showed excellent to good test-retest reliability across intensities during an indoor cycling IET. Compared with systemic oxygen uptake and heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation showed comparable interclass correlations. Relative to blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion, muscle oxygen saturation demonstrated better reliability across intensities. Altogether, this dissertation provides valuable insights into the utility of wearable NIRS in exercise and following endurance training interventions, relative to common physiological and performance measures.
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Mechanisms of inter-individual variation in exercise performance at altitude (2020)
Endurance athletes competing at altitude experience a significant decrement in performance as a result of the reduced partial pressure of oxygen. There is significant inter-individual variability in how altitude affects these athletes and the mechanism through which this decrement occurs. The ability to recognize one’s personal response to hypoxia and employ strategies (i.e. acclimatization) to mitigate this response is extremely useful to competitive athletes. For my dissertation, I attempted to identify some of the mechanisms that are responsible for the inter-individual variation in exercise performance at altitude. I conducted (i) an initial study on “fly-in fly-out” acclimatization to prepare for competition at altitude; (ii) a study comparing onset of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) at rest with the decrement in exercise performance at altitude and the effects of the pulmonary vasodilator sildenafil on IPAVA recruitment; (iii) a mock competition study investigating the effects of sildenafil on exercise performance at altitude; and (iv) a meta-analysis of the effects of sildenafil on exercise performance at altitude. The most important findings of my dissertation are that (i) a 12-hour overnight exposure to hypoxia does not give any acclimatization benefit nor does it have any detrimental effect on a maximal exercise test; (ii) sildenafil does not affect IPAVA recruitment in hypoxia, nor does IPAVA onset appear related to exercise performance in hypoxia; (iii) sildenafil does not improve exercise performance in a 16.1 km cycling time-trial at a simulated altitude of 3,000 m; (iv) the decrement in exercise performance at altitude appears to be closely related to oxygen saturation; and (v) while sildenafil does appear to reduce pulmonary artery pressure, and increase cardiac output and oxygen saturation, it does not reliably improve performance. This dissertation demonstrates the wide variation in the decrement in exercise performance due to hypoxia, examining several of the predictors and moderators of exercise performance.
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Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction -- the effect of inhaled ?2-agonists on athletic performance in humans (2018)
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the ergogenic potential of inhaled ß₂-agonists (IBAs) in athletes with and without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) from multiple angles: by assessing the effect of 400 µg of salbutamol, a commonly used IBA, in female athletes (Chapter 2); and by analyzing athletic performance after the inhalation of the maximal daily dose of salbutamol, i.e. 1600 µg, by taking dose per kg of body mass into consideration (Chapter 3). Furthermore, four methods to calculate the fall index (FI) in the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) challenge were evaluated (Chapter 4). Female (Chapter 2) and male (Chapter 3) cyclists were screened for EIB using the EVH challenge. On two subsequent visits, athletes performed one 10-km time trial per visit. In a randomized order, athletes inhaled either salbutamol or placebo before completing the time trials. Athletic performance was assessed using mean power output. In Chapter 4, the FI of the EVH challenges from Chapters 2 and 3 were calculated using four methods and compared to the pulmonary response to the placebo time trial. Additionally, the intensity of the EVH target ventilation, calculated as 30 x forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), was evaluated by comparing it to the highest generated ventilations in a graded maximal exercise test (GXT). Despite significant increases in FEV1 after IBA use, athletic performance was not improved in female (Chapter 2) or male (Chapter 3) athletes, regardless of EVH status. In women, power output was decreased, despite a significant increase in oxygen consumption, suggestive of an increased stimulation of women’s adrenergic ß₂-system. Similarly, in male athletes, significant increases in heart rate, ventilation, and leg discomfort could indicate an upregulation of the adrenergic nervous system, independent of relative IBA dose. Lastly, there were significant differences between the four FI calculations (Chapter 4), influencing the EVH interpretations. Normalizing FIs by the ventilations achieved during voluntary hyperpnea was not supported in athletes with high percent predicted values for FEV1 due to an increased risk of false-positives. The intensity of the EVH target ventilation ranged between 67% - 135% when normalized to the GXT ventilations.
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The cardiovascular, respiratory, systematic and autonomic responses to exercise in diesel exhaust (2014)
Purpose: To determine the cardiovascular, respiratory, systemic inflammatory, and autonomic nervous system responses to varying exercise intensities during exposure to diesel exhaust (DE), and to determine how DE exposure before exercise affects the cardio-respiratory system and subsequent exercise performance.Methods: Eighteen males performed six 30-minute trials, which included rest, low-intensity, and high-intensity cycling. Each trial was performed twice, once breathing filtered air (FA) and once breathing DE (300ug/m³ of PM₂.₅) with seven days between trials. Before, and following exercise, exhaled nitric oxide, pulmonary function, heart rate variability, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), complete blood count, endothelin-¹ , and plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. During exercise, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for lungs and legs were measured. In a second experiment, eight males were exposed to DE (300ug/m³ of PM₂.₅) or FA for 60-minutes, followed by an indoor 20-km cycling time trial. Pulmonary function was assessed before and after exposure and after exercise. Heart rate was measured during exposure and exercise performance was measured as mean power output during exercise.Results: In the first experiment, RER was significantly lower (0.94 vs. 0.96), and RPE significantly greater, in DE compared to FA (p
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Understanding the variable human response to hypoxia: physiological, genetic, and epidemiological investigations of acute mountain sickness susceptibility (2014)
High-altitude (and simulated high-altitude) environments can be extraordinarily stressful for low-altitude organisms because of the reduced oxygen availability (i.e. hypoxia). Humans, who live primarily at low altitude, can adjust physiologically (i.e., acclimatise or acclimate) to hypoxic environments; however, the human acclimatisation response to hypoxia is highly variable, evident from the differential susceptibility to acute altitude illnesses, such as acute mountain sickness (AMS). For my dissertation, I attempted to identify some of the physiological, genetic, and epidemiological variables that could explain the variation in hypoxia tolerance. I conducted (i) two studies using a normobaric hypoxia chamber at the University of British Columbia; (ii) two field studies in a mountainous region of the Nepalese Himalaya; and (iii) two meta-anaylyses. The most important findings of my dissertation are that (i) oxygen saturation (SPO₂) and heart rate (HR) were not strong markers of AMS susceptibility in laboratory or field settings; (ii) a low fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was associated with increased susceptibility to AMS in the laboratory but not in the field; (iii) physiological responses (FENO, SPO₂, HR, blood pressure) to hypoxia were repeatable on two normobaric hypoxia exposures; (iv) AMS severity was lower on the second of two identical normobaric hypoxia exposures (but headache severity was similar); (v) in a large Nepalese sample, age, sex, ascent rate, and preventative strategies were associated with AMS susceptibility; (vi) the severity of AMS was similar in brothers; (vii) there were biogeographical differences in AMS susceptibility in the Nepalese sample; (viii) polymorphisms of the FAM149A gene were associated with AMS severity; (ix) AMS history was a poor predictor of future AMS outcomes; and (x) sleep quality was weakly related to other AMS symptoms. In conclusion, this dissertation demonstates that the measured physiological variables (FENO, SPO₂, HR, blood pressure) were not associated with AMS status, that a genetic basis to the variation in AMS susceptibility is likely, and that the Lake Louise Score definition of AMS should be amended. Our understanding of acute altitude tolerance in humans may be aided by the redefinition of AMS.
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Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
Investigating the susceptibility of cardiorespiratory responses to ozone during cycling exercise (2023)
Ground-level ozone (O₃) is a common airborne pollutant well recognized to impair pulmonary function and cause negative respiratory symptoms when inhaled. Due to a wide range of inter-individual variability in responses, a lack of consensus as to whether O₃ exposure limits exercise capability exists. Healthy, well-trained male (n=13) and female (n=7) endurance athletes were recruited to complete a double-blinded, randomized crossover study to address the research question. Participants were screened for inclusion based on a cycling maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O₂max) test (Visit 1), before resting exposure to 750 parts per billion (ppb) O₃ (Visit 2) to assess pulmonary function changes. During experimental trials (Visit 3 & 4), participants completed submaximal and maximal cycling exercise protocols exposed to both O₃ (170 ppb) and room air (RA,
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Pulmonary and cardiovascular responses to a repeated exposure exercise protocol in ozone air pollution in adults with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (2023)
Introduction: Individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are at greater risk when exposed to air pollution, but whether impairments in pulmonary or cardiovascular functions are mitigated with repeated exposures to ozone (O₃) has yet not been investigated. This study aimed to examine whether repeated exposures to a controlled level of O₃ can induce adaptation to the impairments on pulmonary and cardiovascular functions in individuals with EIB. Methods: A double-blinded, cross-over, randomized trial of 10 study visits was performed. Subjects went through an EIB provocative test and a graded maximal exercise test for exercise intensity prescription. Participants cycled for 30 min at 60% of their maximal power output. They were randomized to start the first five study exposure visits on either room air (RA) or 170 ppb O₃. Spirometry and pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements were performed at baseline and after exercise while blood pressure and dyspnea were assessed at end-exercise. A linear mixed effects model was used for differences across study visits, and t-tests for post-pre.Results: Thirteen individuals with mild to moderate EIB completed ten study visits, 53.8% were women, 61.5% had asthma. The decrease in mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) in the provocative test was 17.2%. On Day 1 of O₃, FEV₁ decreased 0.2L compared to baseline, p= 0.03. FEV₁ on Day 1 of O₃ was lower than on Day 4 of RA, p= 0.04, and on Day 2 of O₃ it was lower than Day 5 of RA, p= 0.03. Forced expiratory flow in the middle portion of a maximal expiratory effort (FEF₂₅₋₇₅) was also lower on Day 2 of O₃ than Day 4 of RA, p= 0.02. FEF₂₅₋₇₅ was lower on Day 2 of O₃ than Days 4 and 5 of RA, p= 0.02 and p=0.04. Conclusion: Pulmonary function was significantly impaired on Days 1 and 2 of O₃ exposure but not on days 3,4 and 5. On Day 2, cardiovascular function showed a trend towards being impaired, which was not statistically significant.
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Examining the effect of salbutamol use in ozone air pollution by people with asthma and/or exercise induced bronchoconstriction (2022)
Introduction: Ground level ozone is a respiratory irritant component of air pollution. Exercise is a key part of a healthy lifestyle; however, when ambient air pollution is high, increased ventilation during exercise increases the inhaled dose of ozone which can be problematic for people with asthma and/or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Salbutamol is a medication taken by people with asthma and EIB before exercise. Rodent studies have indicated that salbutamol may exacerbate ozone-related lung inflammation.Aim: To examine if salbutamol use before exercising in realistic ozone air pollution exacerbates ozone-related airway inflammation in individuals with asthma and/or EIB.Methods: Participants with EIB, confirmed through an EVH test, exercised at 60% of their VO2max for 30 minutes in 4 different conditions: room air + placebo, 170 ppb ozone + placebo, room air + salbutamol, and 170 ppb ozone + salbutamol. Pulmonary function was measured by spirometry. Airway inflammation was measured by FeNO. Blood pressure and symptoms were also measured. Measurements were taken before exercise, immediately after, 30 minutes after, and 1 hour after exercise.Results: Pulmonary function, assessed through spirometry measures, was significantly better in the salbutamol condition as compared to the placebo condition. There was a marginal increase in inflammation in all conditions except the room air + placebo condition. There were no notable differences in symptoms and blood pressure between the conditions.Conclusion: Salbutamol improved pulmonary function in ozone, however did not exacerbate ozone-related increases in airway inflammation, as indicated by FeNO. This is opposing to what has been previously found in rodent studies.
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Impact of traffic-related air pollution on the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with hypertension (2022)
Introduction: Evidence from epidemiological, modelling, and experimental studies suggest that the health benefits of exercise in healthy populations outweigh the risks of air pollution in all but the most extreme air pollution concentrations. However, there is a paucity of evidence in patients with hypertension, a subgroup considered susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects of air population. The objective of this thesis was to assess the impact of traffic-related air pollution on the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with hypertension. Methods: Nine men and women aged 40-70 years old with hypertension or on anti-hypertensive medications completed a real-world, randomized, crossover study. Participants completed two 30-minute exercise bouts: once along a commercial street (i.e., high traffic) and once in an urban plaza (i.e., low traffic). Blood pressure, heart rate variability, and arterial stiffness were measured prior to and up to 26 hours following exercise. Black carbon (BC), noise, relative humidity, and temperature were measured during each exercise bout. Results: Exercising in the low traffic site was associated with a significantly (p
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A team-based model of care: qualified exercise professionals and the impact on aging health (2020)
Background: Physical inactivity is a rising global concern as it relates to the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and associated burden on health care. Failure to incorporate 150 minutes per week of physical activity (or 15-30 minutes per day) has been shown to increase the risk of NCDs such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes by 20-30%, and decreases longevity by 3-5 years. The importance of 15-30 minutes of physical activity should no longer be undervalued in Canada, and globally.Objective: To evaluate the impact of a twelve-month team-based care model within a private healthcare setting that included three or more qualified exercise professional visits on improving physical fitness and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease compared to their matched controls.Methods: 288 male and female patients’ charts of any age (m=61) were retrospectively reviewed for their engagement in a team-based care model between 2005-2016. The patients were assigned to one of two groups, a primary prevention group or a secondary prevention group based on elevated risk for or diagnosed with cardiovascular disease and received three or more fitness follow ups throughout program length by a qualified exercise professional (QEP) or did not. Measures of physical fitness and cardiovascular health were assessed for change over the twelve-month program length.Results: The patients who attended three or more sessions with a QEP over a 12-month program showed statistically significant improvements in their engagement in physical activity, and BMI. Waist circumference improved significantly for those engaged patients who had a high-risk waist size at baseline but were not coded with chronic disease (primary prevention). Over time, the overall cohort, who participated in the team-based care model, resulted in statistically significant improvement in their physical activity engagement, cardio-respiratory fitness, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure.Conclusion: A team-based care approach with regular QEP visits was effective at improving cardio-metabolic health of adults Canadians. A team-based care approach led to improving measures of cardio-metabolic health of adult Canadians. Future research should consider how to effectively measure a team-based care model in primary and secondary prevention.
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Monitoring explosive performances in relation to training load accumulation in adolescent female soccer players (2018)
Athlete monitoring provides valuable insight into the balance of an athlete’s stress and adaptation from training. Many methods exist to quantify athletes’ allostatic state, with a physical performance measure a primary link to sport performance. However, little research has focused on a critical aspect of field sport performance, sprinting. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the utility of sprint monitoring using in-depth kinematic analysis. Training load was measured daily, as the product of session duration and rating of perceived exertion, in 32 adolescent female soccer players, comprising a U-15 and U-18 team. Measures of 7-day and 28-day cumulative training loads and 7-day to 28-day exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and rolling average (RA) acute to chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were calculated. Players performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) on a contact mat and a 30 m sprint bi-weekly, and completed a daily wellness questionnaire to assess training load response over 14 weeks. From the 30 m sprint, 10 and 30 m times were measured using timing gates, and maximal acceleration, maximal velocity, and time to maximal velocity were measured using a radar gun. Linear mixed models were used to assess the influence of training load on CMJ, 30 m sprint performance variables, and athlete wellness. Cumulative training load over 7 days had a likely small positive effect on 30 m sprint time (d = 0.14; 90% CL: -0.01 to 0.28), while 28-day cumulative training load had a likely small positive effect on 30 m sprint time (d = 0.14; 0.00 to 0.28), a very likely small negative effect on maximal sprint velocity (d = -0.19; -0.03 to -0.35), and a likely moderate negative effect on athlete wellness (d = -0.35; -0.02 to -0.68). EWMA and RA ACWRs had possibly small (d = 0.18; -0.14 to 0.49) and likely moderate (d = 0.33; 0.00 to 0.66) positive effects on wellness. All other relationships were unclear. Monitoring sprint performance should be considered to evaluate response to training loads, with sprint time indicative of acute and chronic loads, while maximal sprint velocity and athlete wellness were more suggestive of chronic loads.
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Monitoring the efficacy of a field-based heat acclimatization protocol to improve performance in elite female soccer players (2018)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a 14-day, two-phase, field-based heat acclimatization (HA) training camp in international female soccer players. Sixteen outfield players engaged in (i) baseline absolute Plasma volume (PV) testing in Vancouver, Canada (~15˚C; 72.0% relative humidity: RH) 16 days prior to the start of the camp, (ii) Phase 1: 7 days of pre-HA (22.1±3.3˚C; 44.8±9.4%RH), (iii) Phase 2: 6 days of HA (34.5±1.2˚C; 53.2±4.3%RH), and (iv) 11 days of post-HA training (18.2±4.6˚C; 51.3±20.9%RH). Change in PV (%) from baseline was measured at the start of Phase 1, the end of Phase 1, and two days post-Phase 2. Core temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and Global Positioning System (GPS) derived metrics were recorded during all sessions. The physiological change during 5’-1’ submaximal running (12km/h) was observed pre and post Phase 1 and 2, two days post Phase 2 (2dayP), and eleven days post Phase 2 (11dayP) using HR during exercise (HRex) and recovery (HRR), as well as RPE. GPS metrics, HRR, and HRex during a four-a-side soccer game (4v4SSG) were used to observe physical performance in the heat pre and post Phase 2. All data were analyzed using magnitude-based inference statistics. PV increased by 7.4±3.6% (Standardized effect; SE=0.63) from the start of Phase 1 to the end of Phase 2, and this occurred primarily in Phase 1 (SE=0.64). 5’-1’ submaximal running improved over Phase 2 in hot conditions (HRex; SE= -0.49, HRR; SE=0.53). The greatest improvement in submaximal running in temperate conditions was delayed as the largest change from Phase 1 in HRex (SE= -0.42) and HRR (SE= 0.37) occurred 11dayP. The 4v4SSG revealed a moderate reduction in HRex (-3.5bpm), a large increase in HRR (5.7%), and a moderate increase in inertial explosive movements (20%) from pre to post Phase 2. Field-based HA can induce physiological change beneficial to soccer performance in temperate and hot conditions and the 5’-1’ submaximal running test may be used to effectively monitor submaximal HR responses that may have been induced by HA up to two-weeks out of the heat.
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The evaluation of a mobile device to measure ataxia with high altitude exposure (2017)
To our knowledge, no study has used an assessment of ataxia and a finger-tapping task on a mobile device to monitor acclimatization to hypoxia. This research evaluated the utility of this tool in assessing human acclimatization to hypoxia while monitoring the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS). This study used a single-blinded repeated-measures randomized crossover design. Subjects experienced a familiarization trial at a simulated altitude of 2000m, a high altitude simulating 4200m and a sham condition simulating 250m. Measurements of AMS, pulse oxygen saturation and performance of the finger-tapping task were completed immediately prior to, and 5 minutes, 4 hours, and 12 hours following entrance to the chamber. Fifteen healthy male and female subjects were recruited form the Vancouver area. Subjects were between the ages of 19 and 25 years old. Subjects had not traveled to an altitude of 3000m or higher in the 3 months prior to testing. Subjects were excluded if they had any cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions. A repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to analyze if significant results were found for reaction time and accuracy of the finger-tapping task. Accuracy of the finger-tapping task worsened over the exposure to hypoxia, however, error rate and response time were not affected based on this simulated altitude alone. All other measures, including symptom questionnaires and pulse oxygen saturation suggest that these subjects had normal responses to altitude. Based on these findings, it appears that these finger-tapping tasks that focus on measures may be useful while monitoring acclimatization to hypoxia.
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Does salbutamol improve sprinting power following endurance cycling? (2016)
Salbutamol, an inhaled asthma medication, may have a number of extra-pulmonary effects throughout the body that may result in an ergogenic benefit during exercise. Purpose: To investigate the ergogenic effects of high-dose inhaled salbutamol on sprint performance following a prolonged, individualized, steady-state exercise bout; secondarily, to identify the systemic effects of salbutamol during steady-state exercise that might explain such an ergogenic finding.Methods: Using a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea test, ten male and ten female cyclists were tested for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Using a crossover design, participants inhaled either placebo or 1600g of salbutamol and subsequently completed two 75-minute constant power cycling bouts immediately followed by a 30-second Wingate test. Primary outcomes were those collected during the Wingate test: peak and mean power. Lactate, perceived exertion, ventilatory, and gas exchange measurements were collected throughout the steady-state bout. A repeated-measures ANOVA was utilized to assess the effects of sex, EIB status, and salbutamol on performance outcomes.Results: Lung function was improved following salbutamol inhalation (M = 8.3%, SD = 1.0%) compared to placebo (M = 1.0%, SD = 5.6%). The differences in peak and mean power between the salbutamol and placebo conditions were not found to be statistically significant. During the 75-minute endurance bout, carbohydrate utilization, heart rate, and minute ventilation were increased while ventilatory efficiency was decreased. In general, the effects of salbutamol were more pronounced in women relative to men, while no impactful differences were found as a function of EIB status. Conclusion: Despite inducing a possible increase in carbohydrate metabolism, salbutamol inhalation did not cause a significant increase in peak or mean power during a 30-second Wingate test.
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The effects of macro- and micro- nutrient timing on post-exercise hepcidin response in elite and professional athletes (2016)
BACKGROUND INFORMATIONIron deficiency (ID) has debilitating effects on athletic performance, causing significant reductions (-34%) in VO₂max. Inflammation caused by exercise has been shown to impede iron absorption in the digestive tract by up-regulating the expression of the iron regulatory protein, hepcidin. To date, nutritional interventions to blunt hepcidin response have been few and equivocal. We investigated the effects of nutrient timing with essential macro- and micro- nutrients to potentially attenuate the post-exercise rise in hepcidin in highly trained athletes.PURPOSETo determine if a post-exercise drink consisting of whey protein isolate (25g) and carbohydrates (75g) with the addition of vitamins, D₃ (5,000 IU) and K₂ (1,000 mcg) (VPRO) or without D₃ and K₂ (PRO), following a bout of high-intensity interval exercise has an effect on the acute post-exercise hepcidin responses in athletes as compared to a non-caloric placebo drink (PLA). Our hypothesis was that both VPRO and PRO will significantly decrease hepcidin following a bout of high intensity exercise as compared to PLA, with VPRO supplementation having a greater effect on hepcidin versus PRO supplementation alone.METHODSTen elite male cyclists (age: 26.9 ± 6.4 yrs; VO₂max: 67.4 ± 4.4 ml/kg/min) partook in four cycling sessions. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded triple crossover design was utilized. Experimental days consisted of an 8-min warm-up at 50% pVO₂max, followed by 8 x 3 min intervals at 85% pVO₂max with, 1.5 min at 60% pVO₂max between each interval. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise and three hours post-exercise. Three varying drinks (PRO, VPRO or PLA) were consumed immediately after the post-exercise blood sample. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONSThe results from the investigation demonstrate that following a fatiguing interval-based cycling exercise in highly-trained athletes, subjects experienced a significant time-dependent increase in all biomarkers measured independent of post-exercise drink composition. In conclusion, the post-exercise drinks had no significant effect on any biomarker. The findings could potentially be related to the dosage of nutrients, the timing of blood samples, or the training status of individuals. The lack of an effect in either of the drinks on hepcidin and other biomarkers are contrary to our hypothesis.
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Understanding Lower Limb Location-Specific Running-Related Pain by Males and Females (2016)
Running-related injuries (RRIs) have been attributed to a number of factors, but there is no consensus in the current literature as to whether sex is a risk factor for RRIs, or if risk factors for running-related pain differ by sex. It has been suggested that due to differences in anatomy and biomechanics, males and females have their own RRI risk profiles; several variables may need to be taken into consideration when assessing sex as a risk factor for RRIs and running-related pain.Purpose: The proposed study represented the first two phases of a three-tiered epidemiological project. The purpose of Phase I was to determine whether there were significant differences in site-specific running-related injuries/pain between males and females training for a 10-km race; a statistical model was then created in the second phase to determine what explains running-related pain in the lower extremity by sex, for runners preparing for a 10-km race.Methods: 114 recreational runners (46 males [37.9 ± 9.8 years; 75.46 ± 9.55 kg; 1.75 ± 0.08 m] and 68 females [32.60 ± 8.70 years; 63.47 ± 9.96 kg; 1.66 ± 0.06 m]) took part in a prospective cohort design of a gradual 12-week training program, and a comprehensive baseline assessment was recorded for each participant. Weekly online surveys were administered to monitor whether subjects experienced an RRI. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was administered to record pain scores at 11 relevant anatomical locations in the lower limb and the whole body, at baseline and during Weeks 4, 8, and 12 of the program. Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) pain scores were also measured at these time points.Results: Sex was not a significant factor in the onset of location-specific, running-related pain in the VAS sites, but significant main effects of sex were found for the FADI. Males and females had different explanatory variables for each of the VAS and FADI sites.Conclusions: The causes of running-related pain in the individual anatomical regions varied by sex, which suggests that running-related pain may be decreased by addressing sex-specific risk factors.
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The cardiopulmonary demand of kettlebell snatches (2015)
Kettlebell lifting continues to gain popularity as a strength and conditioning training tool and as a sport in and of itself (Girevoy Sport). Although the swing to chest-level and several multi-movement protocols have been analyzed, little research has attempted to quantify the aerobic stimulus of individual kettlebell movements, which would best inform kettlebell-related exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to quantify the cardiopulmonary demand, assessed by oxygen consumption (V̇O₂) and heart rate (HR), of continuous high-intensity kettlebell snatches under conditions that consider Girevoy Sport, and to compare this demand to a more traditional graded rowing exercise test. Ten male participants (age = 28.4 ± 4.6 years, height = 185 ± 7 cm, body mass = 95.1 ± 14.9 kg) completed (1) a graded rowing exercise test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O₂max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) and (2) a graded kettlebell snatch exercise test with a 16-kg kettlebell to determine peak oxygen consumption (V̇O₂peak) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) during this activity. Subjects achieved a V̇O₂max of 45.7 ± 6.9 ml·kg-¹·min-¹ and an HRmax of 177 ± 6.9 beats per minute (bpm). The kettlebell snatch test produced a V̇O₂peak of 37.3 ± 5.2 ml·kg-¹·min-¹ (82.1 ± 7.4% V̇O₂max) and a heart rate of 173 ± 8 beats per minute (97.3 ± 4.8% HRmax). These findings suggest that continuous high-intensity kettlebell snatches with 16-kg are likely provide an adequate aerobic stimulus to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in those whose V̇O₂max is ≤ 51 ml·kg-¹·min-¹ and those who are moderately trained and lower, according to recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine.
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Control of breathing and cardio-respiratory response to normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia (2012)
We examined the control of breathing, cardio-respiratory effects and the prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in humans exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH), normobaric hypoxia (NH), and under two control conditions (hypobaric normoxia and normobaric normoxia). Subjects (n = 11) were familiarised with all tests prior to their first exposures. The order of conditions was randomized, each exposure lasted for 6 hours, and consecutive exposures were separated by a one-week washout period. Prior to and following exposures, subjects underwent hyperoxic and hypoxic Duffin rebreathing tests, measuring CO₂ threshold and sensitivity, and a hypoxic ventilatory response test (HVR), measuring sensitivity to O₂. Inside the environmental chamber, minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), frequency of breathing (fB), blood oxygenation (SPO₂), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured at 5min, 30min and hourly until exit. Symptoms of AMS were evaluated hourly using the Lake Louise score (LLS). Both the hyperoxic and hypoxic CO₂ thresholds were lowered after HH and NH during the Duffin rebreathing test. Hypoxic sensitivity in the Duffin rebreathing test was only increased after HH exposure. No changes occurred in the HVR after any of the four exposures. Ventilatory parameters, SPO₂ and HR were higher in the hypoxic exposures as opposed to the normoxic exposures. No major differences were observed for VE or any other cardio-respiratory variables between NH than HH. The LLS was greater in AMS-susceptible than in AMS-resistant subjects, but LLS was similar in HH and NH. We conclude that 6 hours of hypoxic exposure is sufficient to lower the peripheral and central CO₂ threshold, but it is too short in duration to induce differences in cardio-respiratory variables between HH and NH or to create differences in AMS severity.
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An investigation of extravascular lung water during exercise in those individuals susceptible to immersion pulmonary edema or high altitude pulmonary edema (2011)
Introduction: High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is caused by hypoxic vasoconstriction, leading to increased pulmonary artery pressure (PPA). Increased PPA results in extravasation of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries to the interstitial space and inhibition of gas exchange. Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is likely the result of increased hydrostatic pressure due to water immersion combined with cold and physical exertion, further elevating PPA. During maximal exercise, some humans develop pulmonary edema independent of hypoxia or immersion; this is a possible cause of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate the common mechanisms that are responsible for the development of HAPE, IPE, and EIAH; and 2) investigate the factors that determine an individual’s susceptibility to HAPE/IPE. Hypotheses: We hypothesize that 1) individuals susceptible to HAPE/IPE will develop increased extravascular lung water (EVLW) following exercise; and 2) these changes will not occur in HAPE/IPE-resistant controls. Methods: This study included 9 healthy fit participants who previously experienced HAPE or IPE. Participants performed a 45-minute maximal exercise task on a cycle ergometer. A matched control group of 9 participants with experience at altitude or immersion and no history of HAPE/IPE also performed the task. Diffusion capacity of CO (DLco) was measured before and after exercise. Computed tomography was used to confirm EVLW following exercise. Results: Both groups showed a significant reduction in lung density post-exercise (p=0.013). Participants susceptible to HAPE/IPE had a significantly lower density compared to resistant participants (p=0.037). DLco decreased significantly after exercise (p
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Pharmacogenetics of inhaled B2-agonists and athletic performance (2011)
The A46G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the C79G SNP of the adrenergic β2-receptor gene (ADRB2) are associated with the regulation of cardiorespiratory responses, to the inhalation of salbutamol, such as bronchodilation, heart rate and ventilation. PURPOSE: To determine (1) the effect of susceptibility to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and (2) the effect of genetic variation at the ADRB2 A46G and the C79G SNPs on athletic performance after the inhalation of salbutamol. METHODS: Genetic variation for the A46G SNP (AA: 4; AG: 15; GG: 21; unidentified: 2) and the C79G SNP (CC: 14; CG: 19; GG: 7; unidentified: 2) were genotyped in male cyclists with EIB (EIB+: 10) and without EIB (EIB-: 32), aged 19 – 40 years. Athletes performed two simulated 10-km time trials (TTs) on a cycle ergometer 60-min after the inhalation of either 400µg of salbutamol or placebo. FEV1 was assessed immediately before and 30-min after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output relative to body weight. Mixed between-within subject ANOVAs were conducted to assess differences in lung function and cycling performance, respectively, between the two treatments based on an individual’s susceptibility to EIB and based on genetic variation at the ADRB2 A46G and C79G SNPs. RESULTS: Change in FEV1 after the inhalation of salbutamol (M = 6.6%, SD = 6.3%) was greater compared to placebo (M = 1.1%, SD = 3.0%), p
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News Releases
This list shows a selection of news releases by UBC Media Relations over the last 5 years.
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UBC experts on Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (23 Jul 2021)
Publications
- Air pollution and high-intensity interval exercise: Implications to anti-inflammatory balance, metabolome and cardiovascular responses (2022)
Science of the Total Environment, 809 - Sex Differences in Diaphragm Voluntary Activation after Exercise. (2022)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - The Acute Effects of Exercising in Air Pollution: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (2022)
Sports Medicine, - Using Physiological Laboratory Tests and Neuromuscular Functions to Predict Extreme Ultratriathlon Performance (2022)
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, , 1--9 - Association between physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents living with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study (2021)
Cardiovascular Diabetology, 20 (1) - Elevated peak systolic blood pressure in endurance-trained athletes: Physiology or pathology? (2021)
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, - Ozone pollution: a ‘hidden’ environmental layer for athletes preparing for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics & Paralympics (2021)
British Journal of Sports Medicine, , bjsports--2020--103360 - Physical performance development in a female national team soccer program (2021)
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24 (6), 597-602 - Reliability of diaphragm voluntary activation measurements in healthy adults (2021)
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 46 (3), 247-256 - Reply to Beltrami (2021)
Experimental Physiology, 106 (3), 791--792 - The Efficacy of Heat Acclimatization Pre-World Cup in Female Soccer Players (2021)
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3 - Ventilatory responses to constant load exercise following the inhalation of a short-acting ß2-agonist in a laboratory-controlled diesel exhaust exposure study in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (2021)
Environment International, 146 - When physical activity meets the physical environment: precision health insights from the intersection (2021)
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26 (1) - Diagnosis of Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction in Swimmers: Context Matters. (2020)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - Estimation of minute ventilation by heart rate for field exercise studies (2020)
Scientific Reports, 10 (1) - Near‐infrared spectroscopy measures of sternocleidomastoid blood flow during exercise and hyperpnoea (2020)
Experimental Physiology, - The effect of diaphragm fatigue on the multidimensional components of dyspnoea and diaphragm electromyography during exercise in healthy males (2020)
Journal of Physiology, 598 (15), 3223-3237 - Using Variance to Explore the Diagnostic Utility of Baseline Concussion Testing (2020)
Journal of Neurotrauma, 37 (13), 1521-1527 - Vascular effects of physical activity are not modified by short-term inhaled diesel exhaust: Results of a controlled human exposure study (2020)
Environmental Research, 183 - Consecutive Non-Training days over a Weekend for Assessing Cardiac Parasympathetic Variation in Response to Accumulated Exercise Stress. (2019)
European journal of sport science, - Effects of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling with diesel exhaust exposure on soluble P-selectin, E-selectin, I-CAM-1, VCAM-1 and complete blood count (2019)
BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 5 (1) - Monitoring the Prescribed and Experienced Heart Rate-Derived Training Loads in Elite Field Hockey Players. (2019)
Journal of strength and conditioning research, - Perfusion of Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses Is Not Related to VO2max in Hypoxia and Is Unchanged by Oral Sildenafil. (2019)
High altitude medicine & biology, - Sildenafil does not improve performance in 16.1 km cycle exercise time-trial in acute hypoxia. (2019)
PloS one, - Sildenafil does not reliably improve exercise performance in hypoxia: a systematic review. (2019)
BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, - The Impact of Cycling Cadence on Respiratory and Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise. (2019)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - Acute diesel exhaust exposure and postural stability: a controlled crossover experiment. (2018)
Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England), - Cardiopulmonary Demand of 16-kg Kettlebell Snatches in Simulated Girevoy Sport. (2018)
Journal of strength and conditioning research, - Efficacy of Hot Yoga as a Heat Stress Technique for Enhancing Plasma Volume and Cardiovascular Performance in Elite Female Field Hockey Players. (2018)
Journal of strength and conditioning research, - Inconsistent calculation methodology for the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea test affects the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. (2018)
BMJ open respiratory research, - Optimizing recovery to support multi-evening cycling competition performance. (2018)
European journal of sport science, - Particulate matter exposure and health impacts of urban cyclists: a randomized crossover study. (2018)
Environmental health : a global access science source, - The 2018 Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score. (2018)
High altitude medicine & biology, - The Critical Power Model as a Potential Tool for Anti-doping. (2018)
Frontiers in physiology, - The effect of low and high-intensity cycling in diesel exhaust on flow-mediated dilation, circulating NOx, endothelin-1 and blood pressure. (2018)
PloS one, - The pulmonary and autonomic effects of high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in diesel exhaust. (2018)
Environmental health : a global access science source, - Carotid sinus hypersensitivity: block of the sternocleidomastoid muscle does not affect responses to carotid sinus massage in healthy young adults. (2017)
Physiological reports, - Clarifying the role of physical activity in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. (2017)
The Journal of physiology, - Effects of macro- and micronutrients on exercise-induced hepcidin response in highly trained endurance athletes. (2017)
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, - Effects of respiratory muscle work on respiratory and locomotor blood flow during exercise. (2017)
Experimental physiology, - Exercise-induced quadriceps muscle fatigue in men and women: effects of arterial oxygen content and respiratory muscle work. (2017)
The Journal of physiology, - Family Medicine Forum Research Proceedings 2016: Vancouver, BC. (2017)
Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, - Are we adequately preparing the next generation of physicians to prescribe exercise as prevention and treatment? Residents express the desire for more training in exercise prescription. (2016)
Canadian medical education journal, - Evidence for and Against Genetic Predispositions to Acute and Chronic Altitude Illnesses. (2016)
High altitude medicine & biology, - Factor Structure and Internal Validity of the Functional Movement Screen in Adults. (2016)
Journal of strength and conditioning research, - Pharmacogenetic Effects of Inhaled Salbutamol on 10-km Time Trial Performance in Competitive Male and Female Cyclists. (2016)
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, - The effect of consistent practice of yogic breathing exercises on the human cardiorespiratory system. (2016)
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, - A Meta-Analysis of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Normobaric Hypoxia. (2015)
Aerospace medicine and human performance, - A Preliminary Genome-Wide Association Study of Acute Mountain Sickness Susceptibility in a Group of Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to 4380 m. (2015)
High altitude medicine & biology, - Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Cycling Performance in Normoxia or Moderate Hypoxia. (2015)
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, - Assessing cognitive impairment using PROMIS(®) applied cognition-abilities scales in a medical outpatient sample. (2015)
Psychiatry research, - Authors' reply. (2015)
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, - High-Dose Inhaled Salbutamol Does Not Improve 10-km Cycling Time Trial Performance. (2015)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. (2015)
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, - Sex differences in cardiac function after prolonged strenuous exercise. (2015)
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, - Acute mountain sickness is not repeatable across two 12-hour normobaric hypoxia exposures. (2014)
Wilderness & environmental medicine, - Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine position statement: athletes at high altitude. (2014)
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, - Effects of inhaled bronchodilators on lung function and cycling performance in female athletes with and without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. (2014)
Journal of science and medicine in sport, - Experimental performance evaluation of human balance control models. (2014)
IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, - Greater autonomic modulation during post-exercise hypotension following high-intensity interval exercise in endurance-trained men and women. (2014)
European journal of applied physiology, - Heliox breathing equally influences respiratory mechanics and cycling performance in trained males and females. (2014)
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), - Individual susceptibility to high altitude and immersion pulmonary edema and pulmonary lymphatics. (2014)
Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, - Physiological responses to diesel exhaust exposure are modified by cycling intensity. (2014)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - Pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange during exercise in Kenyan distance runners. (2014)
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, - Reply to Debevec and Millet. (2014)
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), - The health effects of exercising in air pollution. (2014)
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), - A prospective epidemiological study of acute mountain sickness in Nepalese pilgrims ascending to high altitude (4380 m). (2013)
PloS one, - Acute mountain sickness, chemosensitivity, and cardiorespiratory responses in humans exposed to hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia. (2013)
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), - Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia and the mechanics of breathing in healthy young women. (2013)
The Journal of physiology, - Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia is unaffected by intense physical training: a case report. (2013)
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, - Inhaled salbutamol does not affect athletic performance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cyclists. (2013)
British journal of sports medicine, - Is poor sleep quality at high altitude separate from acute mountain sickness? Factor structure and internal consistency of the Lake Louise Score Questionnaire. (2013)
High altitude medicine & biology, - Is previous history a reliable predictor for acute mountain sickness susceptibility? A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. (2013)
British journal of sports medicine, - Left ventricular mechanics and arterial-ventricular coupling following high-intensity interval exercise. (2013)
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), - Normative data for the balance error scoring system in adults. (2013)
Rehabilitation research and practice, - Normative data for the functional movement screen in middle-aged adults. (2013)
Journal of strength and conditioning research, - Normative data for the modified balance error scoring system in adults. (2013)
Brain injury, - Successful non-surgical management of refractory Hallucal sesamoiditis (2013)
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 172 (6), 529-533 - Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Hypobaric hypoxia induces/does not induce different responses from normobaric hypoxia. (2012)
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), - Differences in cardio-ventilatory responses to hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia: a review. (2012)
Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, - Erratum: Differences in cardio-ventilatory responses to hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia: A review (Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine (2012) 83 (677-684)) (2012)
Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 83 (8), 817 - Evaluation of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) in the diagnosis of acute mountain sickness at 4380 m. (2012)
High altitude medicine & biology, - Exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt in healthy women. (2012)
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, - Repeated exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in a healthy untrained woman. (2012)
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, - The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables. (2012)
Inhalation toxicology, - Exhaled nitric oxide is associated with acute mountain sickness susceptibility during exposure to normobaric hypoxia. (2011)
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, - Immersion pulmonary edema in female triathletes. (2011)
Pulmonary medicine, - The genetics of altitude tolerance: the evidence for inherited susceptibility to acute mountain sickness. (2011)
Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, - A variant of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) associated with AMS susceptibility is less common in the quechua, a high altitude native population (2010)
High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 11 (1), 27-30 - Evidence for a genetic basis for altitude illness: 2010 update. (2010)
High altitude medicine & biology, - No association between alleles of the bradykinin receptor-B2 gene and acute mountain sickness. (2010)
Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), - Oximetry, heart rate variability, and the diagnosis of mild-to-moderate acute mountain sickness. (2010)
European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, - The effects of lower body positive and negative pressure on the hypoxic ventilatory decline. (2010)
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, - Genotype at the missense g894t polymorphism (Glu298Asp) in the NOS3 gene is associated with susceptibility to acute mountain sickness (2009)
High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 10 (3), 261-267 - Performance of a compact end-tidal forcing system (2009)
Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 167 (2), 155-161 - Normative data for the balance error scoring system: Implications for brain injury evaluations (2008)
Brain Injury, 22 (2), 147-152 - Post-exercise hypotension and cardiovascular responses to moderate orthostatic stress in endurance-trained males (2008)
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 33 (2), 246-253 - The effect of two different intermittent hypoxia protocols on ventilatory responses to hypoxia and carbon dioxide at rest (2008)
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 605, 218-223 - Common haplotypes in the β-2 adrenergic receptor gene are not associated with acute mountain sickness susceptibility in Nepalese (2007)
High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 8 (3), 206-212 - Sex differences in left ventricular function and β-receptor responsiveness following prolonged strenuous exercise (2007)
Journal of Applied Physiology, 102 (2), 681-687 - Two patterns of daily hypoxic exposure and their effects on measures of chemosensitivity in humans (2007)
Journal of Applied Physiology, 103 (6), 1973-1978 - Diffusing capacity and spirometry following a 60-minute dive to 4.5 meters (2006)
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, 33 (2), 109-118 - Evidence for a genetic basis for altitude-related illness (2006)
High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 7 (2), 150-167 - Human ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia is unrelated to maximal aerobic capacity (2006)
Journal of Applied Physiology, 100 (4), 1204-1209 - No association between variants in the ACE and angiotensin II receptor 1 genes and acute mountain sickness in Nepalese pilgrims to the Janai purnima festival at 4380 m (2006)
High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 7 (4), 281-289 - Patellofemoral pain syndrome in Tibetan Buddhist monks (2006)
Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 17 (2), 129-131 - Effects of inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids on exercise induced arterial hypoxaemia in trained male athletes (2005)
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39 (12), 917-920 - Pulmonary oedema of immersion (2005)
Sports Medicine, 35 (3), 183-190 - Repeated measurement of hypoxic ventilatory response as an intermittent hypoxic stimulus (2005)
Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 145 (1), 33-39 - Tarsal navicular stress injury: Long-term outcome and clinicoradiological correlation using both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (2005)
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33 (12), 1875-1881 - Acute hypoxic ventilatory response and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in men and women (2004)
Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 143 (1), 37-48 - Asthma and recreational SCUBA diving: A systematic review (2003)
Sports Medicine, 33 (2), 109-116 - Alpine ski injuries and their prevention (2002)
Sports Medicine, 32 (12), 785-793 - The relationship of ischemia-reperfusion injury of transplanted lung and the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex II on host peripheral lymphocytes (1998)
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 115 (5), 978-989 - The effect of exercise duration on the fast component of exercise hyperpnoea at work rates below the first ventilatory threshold (1996)
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 74 (6), 548-552
Current Students & Alumni
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