Prospective Graduate Students / Postdocs
This faculty member is currently not actively recruiting graduate students or Postdoctoral Fellows, but might consider co-supervision together with another faculty member.
Michael Law
Professor
Research Classification
Research Interests
Global Health
Global Health and Emerging Diseases
Health Policies
Health Policy
Observational studies
Pharmaceutical policy
Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoepidemiology
Program evaluation
Relevant Thesis-Based Degree Programs
Affiliations to Research Centres, Institutes & Clusters
Research Options
I am available and interested in collaborations (e.g. clusters, grants).
I am interested in and conduct interdisciplinary research.
Research Methodology
Health Insurance Claims
Health system datasets
Survey datasets
observational studies
Great Supervisor Week Mentions
Each year graduate students are encouraged to give kudos to their supervisors through social media and our website as part of #GreatSupervisorWeek. Below are students who mentioned this supervisor since the initiative was started in 2017.
Blessed to have the best #GreatSupervisor ever! Thanks, @myclaw for your mentorship and friendship. @ubcspph@ubcprez.
Graduate Student Supervision
Doctoral Student Supervision
Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
Evaluating access to medicines interventions in public and private not for profit health facilities in Uganda (2024)
The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.
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Investigating access to hepatitis C testing and treatment in Rwanda and beyond (2023)
The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.
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Methamphetamine use among people who use opioids : longitudinal patterns and the role of opioid agonist therapy (2023)
Background: Methamphetamine use is on the rise among people who use opioids (PWUO), which brings additional complexity to the landscape of opioid agonist therapy (OAT). However, the circumstances surrounding methamphetamine use among PWUO and the role of OAT in this context remain under-explored. The overarching aims of this dissertation were to: 1) understandthe social context surrounding methamphetamine use among PWUO and 2) explore the interplaybetween methamphetamine use and OAT among PWUO.Methods: I first conducted a systematic review to synthesize the studies characterizing the trend of and factors associated with methamphetamine use among PWUO. Then, using empirical data obtained from two prospective cohorts of people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2020, I conducted multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses to identify predictors of methamphetamine use initiation among individuals on OAT and examine the relationship between OAT engagement and methamphetamine use frequency among PWUO. Last, I employed repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) to identify longitudinal substance use patterns among people receiving OAT, and used marginal structural Cox modelingto estimate their association with OAT discontinuation.Results: The systematic review found a wide range of individual, microsocial, and macrosocial factors associated with methamphetamine use among PWUO. The multivariable GEE analyses identified factors associated with methamphetamine initiation among individuals on OAT, including younger age, unstable housing, unprotected sex, previous methamphetamine use, recent cocaine use, and recent non-medical opioid use. Among PWUO, OAT engagement was associated with a lower methamphetamine use frequency in the absence of ongoing non-medical opioid use, while OAT initiation was associated with a greater methamphetamine use frequency. The RMLCA analysis identified four distinct substance use classes among people receiving OAT, with the opioid and stimulant use classes exhibiting a higher risk of OAT discontinuation.Conclusion: Addressing the ongoing overdose crisis requires comprehensive strategies encompassing prevention, intervention, and harm reduction efforts that consider both opioid and methamphetamine use. Care providers should adopt person-centred treatment approaches to meet the individualized needs of patients. Future research is needed to actively explore integrated treatment approaches and develop effective pharmaceutical interventions targeting concurrent opioid and methamphetamine use.
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Assessing access to medicines in Canada and beyond before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022)
The research presented in this dissertation focused on three key dimensions in access to medicines in Canada and internationally, including medication adherence, use, and availability. Using rigorous observational study designs and the analysis of large clinical and administrative databases, access to medicines was assessed through three complementary studies.Study I revealed the prevalence of primary non-adherence (PNA) in primary care and suggested that 17% of new prescriptions remained unfilled in British Columbia, Canada. While PNA rates were higher for drugs prescribed mostly on an as-needed basis, they were prevalent across common medications for chronic conditions. Female providers, older providers, younger patients, and using multiple medications were all associated with higher odds of PNA. Patients filled over 82% of their new medication prescriptions within two weeks of their primary care provider visit. These findings could support the development of appropriate interventions aimed at improving primary adherence.Study II was a population-based study that uncovered empirical changes in prescription drug use, both overall and by drug classes, following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic and related mitigation measures in British Columbia, Canada. After an initial drop in prescription drug dispensing, prescribing trends remained constant or reversed towards pre-pandemic levels for major therapeutic categories and drug classes. However, sharp declines were observed in outpatient antimicrobial dispensing contrasted with sustained incremental increases in nervous system drug dispensing during the first year of the pandemic. These findings demonstrated the utility of monitoring drug dispensing trends to identify tracer conditions and forecast future medication needs.Moving into an international context, Study III was a time-series cross-sectional study that unravelled trend changes in vaccine sales in 84 countries following the COVID-19-induced disruptions to pharmaceutical supply chains and demand uncertainty. This study revealed the heterogeneous impact of COVID-19 on vaccine sales across country-income groups, with a relative increase in the per-capita vaccine sales in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) as opposed to a decrease in high-income countries (HICs). Nevertheless, it underlined the consistent disparities in per capita vaccine sales that remained over four times higher in HICs than in LMICs and called for action to ensure equitable distribution of vaccines.
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Health system performance and impact of quality improvement interventions for maternal, newborn and child health in Rwanda (2020)
Growing evidence suggests that achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 will require high-quality health systems in low- and middle-income countries. I assessed whether routine health information systems in Rwanda capture relevant quality measures. Using data on available quality measures and time series methods, I tracked Rwandan health system performance focusing on quality of care across primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care. Further, I performed a systematic review of the literature to investigate whether use of interrupted time series (ITS)—one of the strongest quasi-experimental designs—in the evaluation of health system quality improvement (QI) interventions has followed best practice standards and recommendations. Finally, using ITS with a concurrent control group, I evaluated the impact of three QI interventions on maternal, newborn, and child health in Rwanda. While health outcome measures were captured across all levels of care, there were gaps in the measurement of relevant quality impact measures such as confidence in health systems and economic benefit, and processes such as user experience. Information about competent care and systems was rarely available outside maternal and newborn health. Clearly, the current health information system would benefit from capturing additional healthcare quality metrics to allow the effective tracking of performance of the Rwandan health system and to identify new potential efficiencies. Available quality measures suggest that quality of care provided in Rwandan healthcare facilities has generally improved over the past decade; however, further improvements are still necessary to maximize the impact of the health system. Use of ITS in the evaluation of QI interventions has increased considerably over the past decade; however, variations in methodological considerations and reporting of ITS studies remain a concern. This warrants the development and / or reinforcement of formal reporting guidelines to improve its application in the evaluation of QI interventions. Lastly, the QI intervention that employed clinical mentorship was associated with improvements in maternal and newborn health outcomes such as a reduction in obstetrical complication case fatality, in-hospital neonatal mortality, incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and neonatal asphyxia. In contrast, those that used training approaches had a limited impact.
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In search of improved approaches to antibiotic stewardship: can we explain variations in physician practice patterns related to outpatient infection management? (2017)
The discovery of antibiotics was one of the most significant advances in modern medicine; however, our reliance on antibiotics is threatened by the spread of resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that is exacerbated by selection pressure from antibiotic use. Where prescriptions are required for antibiotics, understanding prescribing behaviour is paramount. Guidelines recommend antibiotics for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) only when pneumonia or other serious complications are suspected. Urine cultures are recommended for complicated, but not uncomplicated, urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objectives of this thesis were to identify factors related to patients, physicians, and geographic regions associated with antibiotic use for RTIs, and urine culturing for UTI; and to explore the extent of variations in these practices across physicians.A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess factors that have previously been empirically associated with antibiotic prescribing. Then, using linked administrative datasets, factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions for paediatric respiratory tract infection were analyzed. Urine culture data was subsequently linked in, to explore urine culturing practices. These analyses demonstrated that observed physician characteristics had a stronger influence on practice patterns that did differences in patient characteristics. In particular, physicians who had been in practice for longer tended to be more likely to prescribe antibiotics, and to order urine cultures. Physicians trained outside of Canada were more likely to prescribe, but less likely to order a urine culture. Female physicians were less likely to prescribe antibiotics, and more likely to order urine cultures. The variation between physicians that remained after accounting for observed characteristics was substantial. This research demonstrates some common features of physicians that are associated with antibiotic prescribing and urine culture use. However, the variation between physicians in practice styles is greater than the effects of these characteristics. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of antibiotic stewardship efforts to improve antibiotic use. For example, audit and feedback interventions and academic detailing have shown some promise, and may be particularly effective if targeted to physicians with higher prescribing or culturing practices. This thesis demonstrates the utility of administrative datasets in identifying such physicians.
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Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
A quantitative assessment of access to medicines in Canada using administrative and survey data (2023)
The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.
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Child development among Ecuadorian children aged three to five born from intended and unintended pregnancies: a health equity analysis (2022)
This thesis is focused on characterizing differences in developmental outcomes among children born from intended and unintended pregnancies aged three to five. The Sustainable Development Goals have a specific target to “ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development” by 2030. There is sparse literature regarding the impact of pregnancy intention (wantedness and timing) or planning on child development, and less so about differential impacts by ethnicity, income, or sex at birth.The research chapters of this thesis consist of two studies: First, we conducted a scoping review to summarize the evidence comparing the developmental outcomes of children from unwanted, unplanned, or mistimed (‘it happened too soon’ or ‘too late’) pregnancies to those of children from wanted or planned pregnancies. We identified 8 “cohorts” with information on approximately 39,000 children born mostly in developed countries. Overall, unwanted/unplanned pregnancies were associated with poorer child development when compared with wanted/planned pregnancies. Mistimed (sometimes classified as delayed) pregnancies correlated with weaker effects in the same direction.Second, we estimated the effect of unintended pregnancy on early childhood development in Ecuadorian children aged three to five, participating in the latest National Health and Nutrition Survey (2018) using a design-based regression model, stratified by ethnicity, sex at birth, and socioeconomic status. We also estimated to what extent eliminating unintended pregnancy would close the gap among the most privileged (i.e., high-income, white/mestizo, males) and other groups of each stratum. Among 6,687 observations representing 620,625 Ecuadorian children, unintended pregnancy was associated with 33% higher risk of inadequate development (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.06; 1.64) after adjusting for available confounders. Black/montubio children were the most affected (RR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.72; 3.85). These results suggest that these ethnic groups, along with low-income households, might benefit the most from interventions that support intended pregnancy. Together, the studies in this thesis underline the importance of policies that create environments supportive of wanted conception and access to safe abortion to reach the target for sustainable development goal 4, related to child development. In Ecuador, these interventions are particularly important for black/montubio and low-income populations.
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Evaluating biosimilars uptake and policy in Canada (2022)
BACKGROUND Despite representing less than 2% of prescriptions, biologics accounted for nearly three of every ten dollars spent on prescribed medicines in Canada in 2018. Similar to generics for small molecule drugs, biologic biosimilars are one potential way in which payers can reduce drug spending. In 2019, the government of British Columbia became the first in North America to mandate switching from reference biologics to biosimilars. While a number of other provinces have followed, the impact of these policies remains unclear. Therefore, this thesis examined the current state of biosimilars use in Canada.METHODS This dissertation focused on uptake of and spending on infliximab, etanercept, and insulin glargine using two primary data sources: (1) data from the IQVIA Canadian Drugstore and Hospital Purchases Audit representing all Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and Labrador, and (2) British Columbia health administrative data from Population Data BC. Interrupted time series analysis was used to quantify the results of two eras of biosimilars policies in British Columbia, including mandatory biosimilars use for new starters and subsequently mandated switching for all users, among individuals with inflammatory arthritis and psoriasis. RESULTS We found that prior to 2019 uptake of biosimilar infliximab, etanercept, and insulin glargine was low across Canada. Coinciding with the introduction of mandatory switching policies, there was a large increase in utilization thereafter in a number of provinces. In British Columbia, we determined that the introduction of mandatory switching among individuals with inflammatory arthritis and diabetes mellitus resulted in an increase in biosimilars utilization beyond what would have occurred if payers maintained new start policies only. CONCLUSION Government-mandated switching policies have the ability to greatly increase use of biosimilars even in the context of a multi-payer system. Although the ability to ascertain savings is limited due to the proprietary nature of drug pricing in Canada, the enhanced use of biosimilars will likely create a more favorable environment for price-based competition among pharmaceutical manufacturers. Future work should continue to examine the impact of mandatory switching on patients and prescribers as well as on the market for biologic drugs on a longer time horizon.
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Evaluating the impact of the blood glucose test strips reimbursement limitations in the British Columbia PharmaCare plan on utilization, costs and health outcomes (2022)
Introduction: People living with diabetes and not using insulin may not derive clinically significant benefit from routine self-monitoring of their glucose level. In response to this evidence, the Government of British Columbia (BC) in January 2015 introduced a policy that restricted the quantity of blood glucose test strips (BGTS) reimbursable under BC PharmaCare plans as a means of reducing unnecessary healthcare spending. To date, the impact of this policy has not been evaluated in BC. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine the impact of the policy on utilization, costs, and health outcomes. Methods: To evaluate the impact of British Columbia’s BGTS reimbursement restriction policy, we identified a cohort of adults (≥ 18 years old) with diabetes between 2013 and 2019 using BC’s administrative data. We described trends of utilization and costs among individuals with at least one PharmaCare-eligible BGTS claim. We also estimated cost savings using interrupted time series analysis and determined level of policy adherence. Using interrupted time series analysis, we investigated longitudinal changes in average 1) physician visits, 2) all-cause hospitalizations, 3) emergency department visits for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and, 4) healthcare spending. Results: Over the 7-year study period, a total of 279.7 million BGTS were eligible for PharmaCare coverage, on which the government spent $124.3 million. Overall, we observed an immediate decline in the average utilization and PharmaCare expenditure on BGTS following policy implementation, with non-insulin users mostly responsible for this reduction. In addition to good policy adherence, we estimated that PharmaCare saved $15.5 million between 2015 and 2019 (95% confidence interval: $4.4 million, $26.6 million) due to this change. We also found that the policy was not associated with an increase in overall health services utilization, or an increase in overall healthcare spending over the longer term. Conclusion: Our evaluation suggests that the BGTS reimbursement restriction policy in BC resulted in significant cost savings without any attendant increase in health services utilization or worsening of health outcomes in the long term. This demonstrates that disinvestment can free up resources that could be channeled towards more beneficial interventions.
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Examining the registration for and unrealized benefits from BC's Fair PharmaCare Plan (2022)
Background： Fair PharmaCare is a catastrophic public drug plan which is available to all the residents of British Columbia. Coverage is determined by income-based deductibles and therefore requires households to self-register and consent to allowing the Canada Revenue Agency to release their income information to the BC Ministry of Health. In the absence of registration, households are assigned the highest deductible of $10,000. In 2019, the government reduced and eliminated deductibles and family maximum for lower income households. It remains unclear why many households are not registered and whether they could derive additional benefit from registering. Methods： This thesis used administrative data to examine the association between household level, area-based, and needs-based characteristics and time until registration using survival analysis. Interrupted time series analysis was performed to evaluate the impacts of the 2019 policy change on registration rates, as well as the association between registration, drug utilization, and drug expenditures. Simulation methods were used to estimate the unrealized benefits from households not registering. Results： We found a strong association between needs-based factors and registration for Fair PharmaCare. The 2019 policy change that lowered deductibles and coinsurance for lower income households did not result in a change in Fair PharmaCare registration rates, suggesting that there are other factors impacting registration amongst the population not registered for Fair PharmaCare. In the year of registration for Fair PharmaCare, a significant increase in drug expenditures and drug utilization was observed, followed by decreasing drug expenditures and a sustained level of drug utilization over time. If full registration for Fair PharmaCare occurred, we estimated there would be only small changes to private payer savings per household and a very small increase to the PharmaCare budget. Conclusion： Households register for Fair PharmaCare when the need arises, and until the need arises, even if deductibles and coinsurance are lowered, further registration does not appear to occur. The province would not face large expenditures if the full population were to register in Fair PharmaCare. However, the incentive to register amongst those not yet registered is likely small as most households have minimal drug expenditures.
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The impact of reference pricing on prescribing patterns, costs, and health services utilization of proton pump inhibitors and statins of British Columbia (2022)
The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.
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Opioid agonist therapy under the PharmaCare psychiatric medications plan: utilization, retention, and financial consequences (2021)
Background – Opioid Agonist Therapy (OAT) is considered the most effective form of pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Previously, OAT medications were publicly subsidized in British Columbia by two PharmaCare plans: Fair PharmaCare, a voluntary, income-based plan providing partial coverage through a mix of deductible and co-payments; and the Income Assistance plan, offering full coverage of designated medications to registrants of social assistance. In response to the on-going opioid crisis, on February 1, 2017, BC added methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone used for OAT to a third plan – the Psychiatric Medications plan (Plan G), thereby expanding full coverage to an additional plan. Methods – Using administrative data, this thesis aimed to determine the impact of greater public coverage for OAT medications on BC residents living with OUD, with regard to utilization of, and retention in OAT, and the public and private financial consequences thereof, through an interrupted time series analysis (ITS) with control design. Use of the policy, and factors associated with its beneficiaries were similarly investigated, using ITS and logistic regression, respectively. Results – The addition of OAT medications to Plan G resulted in an increase in plan enrollments amongst BC residents previously subject to out-of-pocket costs for treatment. Results also suggest utilization and retention for buprenorphine/naloxone treatment increased. Methadone users benefitted from a small decrease in out-of-pocket expenses, while results for buprenorphine/naloxone were rendered inconclusive due to coinciding events. The removal of cost-sharing for non-OAT medications under Plan G resulted in an increase in PharmaCare expenditures, suggesting beneficiaries of the policy change also utilized other psychiatric medications available on the plan.Conclusion – The addition of OAT medications to Plan G was effective at providing greater drug coverage for a subset of BC’s population that was previously underserved by the PharmaCare system. Given the complexity of OUD, increases in utilization and retention for buprenorphine/naloxone treatment are encouraging. A reduction in client-costs for methadone should similarly be considered a success. With BC continuing to report record numbers of opioid-related deaths, the necessity of the income requirement for Plan G enrollment should be reconsidered if the goal is to reach the widest possible population.
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Evaluating the impact of Choosing Wisely Canada recommendations on the overuse and inappropriate use of psychiatric medications among young people (2020)
Introduction: The Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) campaign aims to facilitate discussion between patients and providers about what procedures, tests, and treatments are unnecessary. The results of previous evaluations of the CWC recommendations on the use of unnecessary care from various specialties, however, are not consistent. This thesis aims to build upon the previous body of research by evaluating the impact of the CWC recommendations regarding the appropriate prescription of psychiatric medications for young people. Specifically, I assessed the impact of three specific recommendations on the drug utilization, time to treatment, and costs.Methods: To evaluate the impact of the CWC recommendations on the use psychiatric medications among young people in British Columbia, I identified all patients with incident diagnoses and prescription fills for the recommendations under study: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among adolescents (
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An examination of influences on prescription drug use amongst older adults with and without chronic illness in two Canadian provinces (2018)
Background - Prescription medications, which are a critical component of modern medicine, are not covered under the Canada Health Act. Canadian prescriptions are financed through a combination of public financing, private insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. This leaves potential coverage gaps amongst different segments of the population. There are current discussions of a national pharmacare strategy to address this issue. It remains unclear how such a policy, particularly for seniors, should be financed.Methods – We first studied British Columbia’s publicly-funded pharmacare program to examine the impact of income-based deductibles on older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in regards to prescription drug utilization and other health services. This was analyzed utilizing a regression discontinuity design with administrative datasets. The second study used logistic regression to examine the trend in employer-sponsored health insurance (EHI) availability amongst Ontario’s retirees from 2005 to 2014 using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey.Results - Deductibles had no effect on prescription utilization amongst a cohort of older adults living with COPD in BC. However, over 40% of the eligible person-years analyzed did not obtain a prescription for COPD treatment, suggesting severe under-treatment in this population. Results also suggest an increased use of inhaled corticosteroids, which may be due to a special authority process and may not be appropriate for COPD. A decline in EHI availability was apparent for Ontario’s retirees between 2005 and 2013-2014. EHI availability is strongly linked to household income, with those of a lower income-decile having the lowest odds of having EHI. Conclusion - Imposing a modest income-based deductible was not found to impact prescription utilization or utilization of other health services, even amongst a population with a chronic condition facing comparatively high prescription costs. In contrast, supplemental help in making prescriptions more affordable for the older adult population may be diminishing. A small but statistically significant decrease was observed in EHI – the main source of aid in prescription affordability apart from the public system. These results suggest that a comprehensive strategy to address medication adherence is warranted to minimize future health system burden.
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Impact of public prescription drug coverage on newer hepatitis C medicines in British Columbia (2018)
Background: Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir-sofosbuvir are breakthrough direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. These drugs were very expensive at initial listing with a price of around $60,000 CAD. However, the cure rates and side effect profiles showed drastic improvements compared to interferon-based treatments. Given limited real-world data on adherence to DAAs, this study examined adherence to sofosbuvir and ledipasvir-sofosbuvir, and identified factors associated with adherence. It also examined the impact of public prescription drug coverage (PharmaCare) on adherence, treatment uptake, and expenditure. Methods: This study used data from the British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort. Adherence was measured as proportion of days covered (PDC), calculated from prescription drug data. I used multivariable logistic regression to examine the impact of various factors on full adherence (PDC=100%). I also used interrupted time series analysis to examine the impact of PharmaCare coverage on adherence, treatment uptake, and public and private expenditure over time. Results:Of 3,730 treatments initiated, 2,760 were eligible for analysis; 786 were treated with sofosbuvir, 1,974 were treated with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir, and 14 were treated with both. Mean PDC across both drugs, sofosbuvir, and ledipasvir-sofosbuvir were 96.17%, 95.35%, and 96.50% respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression model, several factors were statistically significant. Major mental illness, longer treatment durations, moderate socioeconomic status, and being of white ethnicity were all associated with lower proportions of individuals with full adherence. Having PharmaCare coverage and being over the age of 60 were associated with higher proportions of individuals with full adherence. In the interrupted time series analysis, the availability of PharmaCare coverage for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir-sofosbuvir did not impact trends in adherence, but did increase treatment uptake of both drugs. Furthermore, public expenditure increased after the policy change, crowding out some of the private expenditure. Conclusion: Given the high cost of these drugs, the high adherence rates found are encouraging. Strategies to target those with major mental illness and longer treatment durations should be explored. Payers should also be prepared for increased treatment uptake and public expenditures following the availability of public coverage.
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Erectile Dysfunction Medications: A Gateway Drug for Men (2016)
Background – Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been described as providing a ‘window of curability’ for men at risk of future cardiovascular disease, however there is little evidence on the relationship between erectile dysfunction and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors. The primary objectives of this thesis were to: 1) determine whether men with ED have a higher risk of having an undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk factor (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes), and 2) determine whether the prescription of a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) for ED leads to an increase in the diagnosis and treatment of these risk factors. Methods – This thesis comprised of two original studies. The first, a cross-sectional analysis using a nationally representative survey from the United States. The second, a population-based empirical study of changes in drug utilization for cardiometabolic risk factors following PDE5i prescription in British Columbia. An individual-level time series analysis with switching replications was utilized for this analysis. Results – Men with ED were found to have double the odds of having undiagnosed diabetes compared to those without ED. This was most significant among middle-aged men (ages 40-59 years), as the predicted probability of having undiagnosed diabetes increased from 1 in 50 in men without ED to 1 in 10 in men with ED. Among men aged 40 to 59 years old in British Columbia, we found a sudden increase in prescriptions for antihypertensives (28 per 1,000), statins (15 per 1,000), and antidiabetics (18 per 1,000) in the 90 days following a new prescription for a PDE5i. For both hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, relevant screening tests performed in the 30 days following PDE5i prescription were responsible for this change. This increase was followed by a significant declining trend in prescriptions for all three drugs. Conclusions – Men with ED have an increased risk for undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk factors. PDE5is can act as a ‘gateway drug’ for men to be newly treated for these risk factors provided physicians perform the requisite screening investigations. Increased education and awareness of this relationship among both patients and physicians is critical for exploiting the potential for preventing future cardiovascular disease.
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