Dan Bizzotto
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Characterizing modified electrochemical interfaces Electrochemical biosensors Electrocatalysis Spectroelectrochemical studies of DNA modified electrodes
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Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
DNA electrochemical (E-DNA) biosensor has developed rapidly and gained worldwide attention from many fields such as medical science, food industry, and environmental analysis. However, current electrochemical DNA biosensors have a few critical limitations that prevent E-DNA sensors from becoming more valuable and useful for commercial applications. This thesis addresses some of the issues of E-DNA biosensors such as thermal stability and functionality using electrochemistry and in-situ fluorescence microscopy. The work in this thesis used single crystal gold bead electrode as the substrate which provided a great opportunity to build the near ideal DNA SAMs with far less defects than on the polycrystalline gold which is typically used in the sensor fabrication. Together with the single crystal Au bead as the substrate and in-situ fluorescence microscopy, a thorough investigation on the properties of DNA SAMs prepare with and without potential control (Edep vs. OCPdep) was conducted. The results demonstrated Edep with superior thermal stability in solution and higher sensitivity than OCPdep. A detailed analysis on the influence of surface crystallography on the thermal stability and the packing behavior of both types of DNA SAMs prepared by Edep and OCPdep was also provided.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) immobilized on gold electrodes are the basis of many electrochemical biosensors. Control of the interfacial behavior of DNA by means of an electric field is of interest for sensing applications such as the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moreover, the in situ characterization of immobilized DNA monolayers at a molecular level is important for the fabrication of robust, reliable and sensitive sensors.The thesis aims at studying the discrimination between DNA strands containing SNPs on the basis of electric-field assisted hybridization/denaturation of DNA. In situ electrochemical fluorescence microscopy is used as a detection methodology and characterization tool for DNA interfaces. For this purpose, fluorescently labeled DNA sequences are immobilized at gold electrodes as thiol SAMs.First, the SAMs under investigation were composed of perfect match or SNP-containing target sequences. The relationship between the applied potential and the denaturation of DNA duplexes was investigated. Electrochemical melting was observed at -0.25 V vs. Ag|AgCl and attributed to an electrostatics-based melting mechanism. A model based on electrical double layer theories was proposed to explain the observed partial electrochemical melting. The influence of various parameters was systematically investigated such as the assembly of the SAM and the measurement conditions. The observed trends were attributed to a destabilization of the duplex. The most influential variables were the DNA sequence (e.g. mismatch near the electrode surface), ionic strength and temperature. Next, a FRET methodology was investigated by studying a model DNA SAM system labeled with a FRET pair. The aim of the study was to gain information regarding the local molecular scale environment of a DNA SAM under measurement conditions. The influence of surface crystallography on the SAM organization was studied by wide-field FRET microscopy. FRET measurements were used in a semi quantitative way to characterize the uniformity of the DNA monolayer. A departure from the ideal uniform DNA distribution was observed for the (111) and (110) surface regions. The study provided a proof of concept for the use of electrochemical FRET microscopy as an in situ characterization tool for DNA modified electrode surfaces.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) consist of bioelectronic interfaces that have been proposed for use as DNA biosensors. These are portable medical device used for diagnosing diseases through specific detection of biomolecules. These DNA SAMs are composed of chemically modified DNA molecules adsorbed onto gold surfaces and are made by immersing a gold surface in a solution of thiol-modified DNA. Previous literature has shown that an applied potential to the gold surface during the DNA immersion enhances DNA SAM formation by decreasing self-assembly time and forming DNA SAMs of higher quality. These electrodeposited DNA SAMs were observed using average measurement techniques on the entire surface. These averaged techniques are unable to characterize heterogeneous features in DNA SAMs. Instead, an imaging technique such as in-situ electrochemical fluorescence microscopy (iSEFMI) can be used to investigate these electrodeposited DNA SAMs.In this work, DNA SAMs were electrodeposited onto single crystal bead electrodes. These electrodes were key for examining DNA SAMs on different surface crystallographies (ie. surface atomic arrangements). Using iSEFMI, the electrodeposited DNA SAMs on the single crystal bead electrodes were characterized, with DNA coverage measurements on each surface crystallography possible. It was established that applying either negative or positive potentials resulted in DNA SAMs of high coverage with positive potentials resulting in more uniform DNA coverages across all surface crystallographies. Applying a modulating potential further created DNA SAMs of slightly higher DNA coverages. The effect of an applied potential on DNA SAMs adsorbing onto different surface crystallographies was also investigated. Both a constant potential and a modulating square wave potential will be applied and the resulting DNA SAMs studied. The presence of specifically adsorbing anions in solution was found to affect both the gold surface and the potential-assisted DNA deposition resulting in a DNA SAM of unusual character. Understanding the factors that affect potential-assisted DNA deposition will enable the formation of an optimal procedure for manufacturing DNA SAMs. With the appropriate variables controlled, DNA SAMs can be tailored for their application in DNA biosensors and eventual use in point-of-care devices.
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The complex interface between polymer electrolytes and nanostructured electrodes is key for the operation of many electrochemical devices. While the surface science of electrocatalysts have been extensively studied using simplified model systems, such as Pt single crystals, the extent to which lessons from these models apply to nanostructured interfaces remains poorly understood. In this work, the interface between Pt nanoparticles and solid polymer electrolytes is explored in terms of catalytic activity, morphology and durability. The nucleation and growth of nanoparticles is controlled to produce contiguous ultrathin catalyst layers in a solution processable fashion using electroless deposition. The reactivity and structure of the Pt-polymer surface was probed with advanced characterization techniques using synchrotron radiation. Direct imaging of the solid-electrolyte-interphase was accomplished with X-ray spectromicroscopy. Degradation of this interface was visible after a simulated aging protocol. Finally, the mechanism of surface oxidation and reduction on Pt nanoparticles was explored with diffraction, moving towards an atomistic understanding of fuel cell electrochemistry inside functional devices under relevant operational conditions.
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Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are important structures commonly employed to functionalize metal surfaces. To optimize a metal-SAM construct, it is important to characterize the influence of the surface crystallography. In this thesis, a single crystal Au bead electrode was employed to investigate different types of SAMs, enabling studies on a variety of surfaces under identical conditions and avoiding laborious experimental replicates on a large number of crystal orientations.The application of a single crystal Au bead electrode was demonstrated by investigating the reductive desorption process for two types of SAM: the alkanethiolate SAM and the α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) peptide thiolate SAM. Using in situ fluorescence imaging, the influence of surface crystallography on reductive desorption was observed, reflected as a correlation between the density of broken bonds of a surface and the reductive desorption potential of a SAM deposited on the surface. Besides the surface crystallography, intermolecular interactions also had a significant impact on determining the desorption potential.Aib peptide thiolate SAMs on a Au(111) facet were further investigated. It was found that the low packing density Aib peptide thiolate SAMs exhibited a potential-modulated fluorescence response which was believed to be due to the orientational or structural change of the peptide molecules in response to the applied potential.The potential-driven reorientation effect of the DNA SAMs has been intensively explored due to its application in biosensing. Characterization of the DNA SAMs with in situ fluorescence methods suggested that surface crystallography exerts an influence not only on the formation of the DNA SAMs but also on the efficiency of the potential-driven response. Moreover, a spectroelectrochemical technique that couples electrochemistry, fluorescence microscopy and harmonic analysis was developed to explore the non-linearity of the fluorescence response to an applied AC potential. This technique could be potentially applied to detect changes in DNA hybridization state.The experimental results demonstrate the convenience and wide applicability of using a single crystal Au bead electrode to investigate SAMs. On the other hand, applying existing and developing new spectroelectrochemical techniques give insights into creating SAMs with desirable properties.
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Thin organic layers deposited on electrodes are ubiquitously proposed for a variety of surface-related applications. The quality of these layers is usually assessed by analytical methods that average the measured signal over a large area compared to the molecular scale. This work outlines the use of in-situ fluorescence microscopy as a characterization method by analyzing three examples of such layers.First, a heterogeneous Langmuir layer was physically adsorbed to a gold electrode via the Langmuir-Schaefer method and the effects of the substrate analyzed by comparing the adsorbed layer with the predecessor floating film. Through the use of a dimer-forming fluorophore, substrate mediated condensation was suggested.Second, the reductive desorption of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from microelectrodes was used to investigate the movement of the released thiolate molecules. Once in solution, these molecules were found to follow a buoyant movement, consequence of the high local concentration of H₂ resulting from the simultaneous reduction of water under the conditions employed.Finally, a DNA SAM system that has been previously suggested as a biosensing platform was investigated for heterogeneity. It was found that the substrate crystallography had a significant effect on the density and efficiency of potential driven change in conformation of the immobilized probes. Furthermore, a deconvolution method is proposed in order to correct for the effect of the electrode charging time constant on the measurements of the kinetics of the DNA conformation change.Overall, the performed experiments show that in-situ fluorescence microscopy is a useful technique to analyze distance dependent phenomena involving these deposited layers. Moreover, the coupling between electrochemistry and fluorescence allows not only to monitor but also to drive changes in the layers, creating systems capable of studying the dynamics of the deposited films.The inclusion of the proposed technique as a characterization tool during the development of systems based on ultrathin organic films could improve the understanding of the influence of the deposition conditions on the film quality, helping to attain the necessary robustness to make the proposed systems actually achieve their proposed applications.
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Transmembrane proteins and ion channels are a major target for new drug development.Incorporating them into sensors requires a method to produce stable, easilymodifiable solid-supported phospholipid bilayers. This thesis demonstrates amethod for using potential control on the electrode to mediate liposome adsorption,allowing them to interact with a previously deposited octadecanol layer throughpotential-created defects.Compression isotherms and electrochemical measurements were used to establishthe effect of the incorporation of a small amount of fluorescent dye on theoctadecanol layers. Using these fluorescently-labelled octadecanol layers, electrochemicalmeasurements both independently and coupled with in-situ fluorescencemeasurements were used to characterize the interaction of liposomes with theselayers under potential control. It was found that application of moderate potentials- more negative than the onset of defect formation but less than that required fordesorption of the layer - facilitated the effective incorporation of liposome materialinto the octadecanol bilayer. The length of time spent at the poration potential hadlittle effect on the degree of liposome interaction with the adsorbed layer. The incorporationwas seen as a change in the double-layer capacitance and the creationof small fluorescent structures in the layer after exposure to liposomes at the porationpotential. A shift in the characteristic desorption potential was also seen withliposome incorporation.Atomic force microscopy coupled in-situ with electrochemical control was alsoused to investigate the interaction of liposomes with the adsorbed octadecanol layer.The structure of the adsorbed layer was observed and with liposomes present insolution, the creation of three-dimensional structures similar in nature to those seenby fluorescence was noted. The incorporation of liposomes into the octadecanolwas shown to be easily controlled by application of an electrical potential, openinga path for a new method of producing supported lipid bilayers in-situ for biosensingapplications.
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Copper interconnects in advanced integrated circuits are manufactured by processes that include electrodeposition, chemical mechanical polishing and annealing. The as-deposited copper is nano-crystalline and undergoes a microstructure evolution at room temperature (self-annealing) or during an annealing step. During this process, significant changes in resistivity and grain size are observed. In this work, the microstructure evolution in 0.5-3 μm-thick electrodeposited copper thin films was studied. Resistivity measurements were used to quantify the role of deposition conditions on the microstructure evolution rate. In-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to observe self-annealing at the film surface. The resistivity-microstructure correlation during self-annealing was examined. A phenomenological model using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) approach was developed to describe recrystallization during isothermal and continuous annealing treatments. The microstructure evolution in copper-silver alloys and films produced by variable deposition rates was investigated. Phase-field model was applied to simulate self-annealing and the effect of deposition current density.The results show that the drop in resistivity during self-annealing is accompanied by significant changes of the microstructure at the film surface. Different criteria were developed to assess self-annealing rate from EBSD maps including grain size, image quality and local orientation spread. Adopting a grain size threshold, it was found that there is a reasonable correlation between resistivity and microstructure during self-annealing. The recrystallization in copper thin films appears to be thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.89-0.93 eV. Adopting the principle of additivity, it was found that the recrystallization rate during continuous annealing can be described by the JMAK model using the isothermal resistivity profiles. A method was proposed to accelerate recrystallization based on a capping layer deposition. No recrystallization was observed when silver was co-deposited with copper in the absence of chloride (even when annealed at 100 °C for 5 hours). Phase-field model was able to describe self-annealing and the effect of deposition current density. The results in this thesis are of significance to the microelectronic industry where recrystallization is a crucial step in the fabrication of copper interconnects for the high performance integrated circuits.
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No abstract available.
Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
Although microbes are ubiquitous in our environments and often play crucial roles in human health, our current ability to detect them quickly and efficiently in different environments is lacking. For example, bacterial contamination of water supplies, blood platelets, and food can have serious health consequences and can even lead to death. Current strategies to detect bacterial contamination in these environments take at least 24 hours, leading to a lag time in response to the contamination. In order to more efficiently detect bacteria in these environments, we propose a biosensor to detect microbes. This biosensor will use mouse toll like receptor 9 (mTLR9), which dimerizes in the presence of bacterial and viral DNA, and can be used in setting such as hospitals, the food industry, or in homes. We will look for two signals of mTLR9 dimerization: a FRET signal from fluorophores attached to mTLR9 monomers, and electrochemical signals from redox species attached to the mTLR9 monomer via a single stranded DNA arm. The presence of these two signals will indicate a true binding event, indicative of mTLR9 dimerization, thus indicating the presence of bacteria or viruses in the tested sample. The aim of this thesis was to express and purify modified mTLR9 from HEK293F cells as a first step towards building a biosensor to detect bacterial and viral DNA. mTLR9 expression was optimized in this cell line, but mTLR9 could not be purified, as it localized to the insoluble fraction of the cell culture lysate. Future work should be aimed at expressing mTLR9 with an appropriate signal peptide and potentially expressing the protein in insect cell lines.
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Surface hybridization of DNA strands on electrode surfaces (probes) with complementary DNA strands in solution (targets) forms the basis of several electrochemical biosensors used to detect nucleic acids of interest. This work aims to construct a site-selective assembly of probe strands on only some parts of the electrode surfaces to study specific and non-specific surface interactions of target strands during the hybridization step. The target strands used in this work have been precisely tailored onto a Quantum-dot (QD) surface. This ties to the larger goal of the project of assembling QDs on electrode surfaces. Such a surface has potential widespread bio-sensing application owing to QDs unique optical and surface properties. Monocrystalline gold bead electrodes displaying different surface features were coated in 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol solutions (or MUDOL). MUDOL was reductively removed by applying negative potentials only from some surface features of the electrodes. Subsequently, AF488 fluorophore tagged DNA strands were assembled onto these surface features either directly or following an assembly of 6-Meracpto-1-hexanol (or MCH) spacer molecules. The value of the applied negative potential, the DNA concentration used and time of electrode immersion in DNA solution were optimized to form low probe surface coverages and low probe surface densities. Preliminary hybridization experiments in the absence or presence of divalent Magnesium ions in the target solutions (containing either 0.2 DNA strands per QD, 2 DNA strands per QD or 10 DNA strands per QD bioconjugates) at room temperature or at an elevated temperature of 45°C were attempted. These surfaces were studied using a fluorescence microscope coupled with an electrochemical control. The results indicate that some of the targets interact with the surface probes non-specifically through weak van der Waals forces or may exist in a partially hybridized state. A small fraction of targets is able to hybridize (specifically interact) with the surface probes, and a still smaller fraction is stable at applications of negative potentials. It might be possible that the negative potentials induce electrochemical melting or dehybridization readily as the bulky nature of the QDs prevent a stable hybridized state.
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The controlled modification of gold nanorods has important implications for their successful applications in a wide variety of fields. In this work, electrochemical and electroless methods for the surface-specific modification of gold were optimized with the aim of developing a site-specific strategy for the functionalization of gold nanorods.Electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy techniques were used to investigate the surface-specific modification of alkanethiol-coated gold bead electrodes, which served as a macroscopic model system for the nanorods. 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) was partially removed from the electrodes by reductive desorption and the uncovered regions were modified with a fluorophore-functionalized, thiolated DNA molecule. Single crystal gold bead electrodes were employed in order to study and optimize the modification methods on all crystallographic surfaces under identical conditions.Two methodologies for the surface-specific modification of gold bead electrodes were investigated. In the first, a potential was applied to the electrode using a potentiostat, and it was determined that the SAM could be reductively removed selectively from the Au{111} surfaces of the electrodes by a 5 minute electrochemical application of any potential from -0.75 V to -0.8 V vs. Ag|AgCl. In the second method, the electrode potential was set electrolessly by adding a strong reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to the electrolyte. In the absence of oxygen, it was found that the electroless MUA desorption closely resembled the results obtained electrochemically, and that Au{111}-selective modification of the gold bead electrode was achieved at potentials near -0.75 V vs. Ag|AgCl.The electroless modification strategy was then applied to MUA-stabilized gold nanorods. Preliminary results indicate that sodium borohydride successfully removes alkanethiol fromgold nanorod surface, enabling them to be modified with thiolated, fluorophore-labelled DNA.
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Worldwide, more than a million people die from tuberculosis (TB) every year. Although the disease is curable, treatment is complicated by multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB strains. To detect TB and differentiate between its strains, a sensitive and specific point-of-care device is required. Previous studies show that carminic acid (CA), an anthraquinone derivative, is suitable as an electrochemical molecular beacon due to the ability to switch on and off its electrochemical activity on its dimerization.Characterization of the electrochemical activity of CA at low concentrations (1 μM to 1 mM) over a range of pH values was performed using methods such as cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and Koutecky-Levich analysis on a rotating disk electrode. CA species of different protonation, which are predominant at pH 1.1, pH 4.1, pH 6.6 and pH 10.5, were examined in more detail. All measurements were carried out on a glassy carbon electrode in phosphate buffer solution electrolyte.It was found that CA undergoes a diffusion limited two proton two electron redox reaction with an overall peak potential shift of 61 mV per pH unit. Electrochemical measurements of the fully protonated CA resulted in additional current peaks that were assigned to an adsorption process of a CA reduction product. Generally, CA has faster electron transfer kinetics in more acidic environment and no electrochemical activity was observed for the fully deprotonated CA species at pH 10.5. While SWV could be used for quantitative analysis of CA for the concentrations up to 1 mM, its redox current signal was determined not to be concentration dependent at high measurement frequencies. These frequencies can also be adjusted to be more sensitive towards either the redox peak potentials with sharper peaks at low frequencies or the electron transfer kinetics based on kinetic dependent peak currents at high frequencies. The limit of detection for CA at pH 7.0 was found to be as low as 10 nM when measured using 200 Hz SWV.
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Publications
- FRET Imaging of Nonuniformly Distributed DNA SAMs on Gold Reveals the Role Played by the Donor/Acceptor Ratio and the Local Environment in Measuring the Rate of Hybridization (2023)
Chemical & Biomedical Imaging, - (Invited) Towards a FRET Based DNA SAM Biosensor for Detection of Nucleic Acids (2022)
ECS Meeting Abstracts, - Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives (2022)
Analytical Chemistry, - Photosynthetic Reaction Centres Assembled on a Gold Electrode and the Photocurrent - Potential Response (2022)
ECS Meeting Abstracts, - Purification and preparation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers for photocurrent measurements and atomic force microscopy characterization (2022)
STAR Protocols, - Redox-Controlled Energy Transfer Quenching of Fluorophore-Labeled DNA SAMs Enables In Situ Study of These Complex Electrochemical Interfaces (2022)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, - A Fresh Perspective on the Thermal Stability of Thiol-Based DNA SAMs (2021)
ECS Meeting Abstracts, Array (63), 1664--1664 - AFM and Cu Electrodeposition Studies of Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Au(111) Facets Prepared using Electrodeposition and Post-Deposition Pulse Treatment (2021)
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, - Improved Thermal Stability and Homogeneity of Low Probe Density DNA SAMs Using Potential-Assisted Thiol-Exchange Assembly Methods (2021)
Analytical Chemistry, - Imaging Reactivity of the Pt–Ionomer Interface in Fuel-Cell Catalyst Layers (2020)
ACS Catalysis, 10 (15), 8285--8292 - Measuring and Controlling the Local Environment of Surface-Bound DNA in Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold When Prepared Using Potential-Assisted Deposition (2020)
Langmuir, 36 (24), 6837--6847 - Preparing DNA SAM Electrochemical Sensors Using Potential Assisted Deposition Methods. Controlling the Coverage and Local Organization of the DNA in the SAM. (2020)
ECS Meeting Abstracts, Array (35), 2469--2469 - Thermal Stability of Thiolated DNA SAMs in Buffer: Revealing the Influence of Surface Crystallography and DNA Coverage via In Situ Combinatorial Surface Analysis (2020)
Langmuir, 36 (48), 14495--14506 - Characterization of X-ray Damage to Perfluorosulfonic Acid Using Correlative Microscopy (2019)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123 (26), 16023--16033 - Electrodepositing DNA Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au: Detailing the Influence of Electrical Potential Perturbation and Surface Crystallography (2019)
ACS Sensors, 4 (2), 513--520 - Probing the Dynamics of Platinum Surface Oxides in Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Using in Situ X-ray Diffraction (2019)
ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2 (11), 7772--7780 - Application of FRET Microscopy to the Study of the Local Environment and Dynamics of DNA SAMs on Au Electrodes (2018)
Langmuir, 34 (49), 14802--14810 - Beyond Simple Cartoons: Challenges in Characterizing Electrochemical Biosensor Interfaces (2018)
ACS Sensors, - Direct Mapping of Heterogeneous Surface Coverage in DNA-Functionalized Gold Surfaces with Correlated Electron and Fluorescence Microscopy (2018)
Langmuir, 34 (7), 2425--2431 - A non-linear harmonic analysis of potential induced fluorescence modulation of a DNA self assembled monolayer (2017)
Electrochimica Acta, 245, 378-386 - Electrodeposition of Aluminum onto Copper-Coated Printed Circuit Boards (2017)
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 64 (12), D729-D736 - Fabricating devices with improved adhesion between PDMS and gold-patterned glass (2017)
Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 246, 904-909 - Quantifying the Selective Modification of Au(111) Facets via Electrochemical and Electroless Treatments for Manipulating Gold Nanorod Surface Composition (2017)
Langmuir, 33 (45), 12887--12896 - Adsorption of a Carboxylated Silane on Gold: Characterization for Its Rational Use in Hybrid Glass/Gold Substrates (2016)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120 (5), 2675--2683 - Controlling Nanoparticle Interconnectivity in Thin-Film Platinum Catalyst Layers (2016)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120 (38), 21364--21372 - Gold Nanorod Arrays: Excitation of Transverse Plasmon Modes and Surface-Enhanced Raman Applications (2016)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120 (29), 16246--16253 - Measuring and remediating non-specific modifications of gold surfaces using a coupled in-situ electrochemical fluorescence microscopic methodology (2016)
Analytical Chemistry, - Open microwave cavity for use in a Purcell enhancement cooling scheme (2016)
Review of Scientific Instruments, 87 (10) - A Method for Determining the Actual Rate of Orientation Switching of DNA Self-Assembled Mono layers Using Optical and Electrochemical Frequency Response Analysis (2015)
Analytical Chemistry, 87 (4), 2255-2263 - An in-situ X-ray diffraction study on the electrochemical formation of PtZn alloys on Pt(111) single crystal electrode (2015)
Applied Surface Science, 354, 443-449 - Frequency response analysis of potential-modulated orientation changes of a DNA self assembled layer using spatially resolved fluorescence measurements. (2015)
Electrochimica Acta, 162, 62--71 - In Situ Fluorescence Microscopy Study of the Interfacial Inhomogeneity of DNA Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers at Gold Electrodes (2015)
ChemElectroChem, 2 (3), 434--442 - Influence of Surface Structure on Single or Mixed Component Self-Assembled Monolayers via in Situ Spectroelectrochemical Fluorescence Imaging of the Complete Stereographic Triangle on a Single Crystal Au Bead Electrode (2015)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137 (1), 276--288 - Potential Controls the Interaction of Liposomes with Octadecanol-Modified Au Electrodes: An in Situ AFM Study (2015)
Langmuir, 31 (46), 12797--12806 - Synthesis and Characterization of Diverse Pt Nanostructures in Nafion (2014)
Langmuir, 30 (7), 1871--1879 - Accelerated Recrystallization in Electrodeposited Dual-Layer Copper Thin Films (2013)
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (12), D3154--D3157 - Potential-Dependent Interaction of DOPC Liposomes with an Octadecanol-Covered Au(111) Surface Investigated Using Electrochemical Methods Coupled with in Situ Fluorescence Microscopy (2013)
Langmuir, 29 (10), 3347--3360 - What Happens to the Thiolates Created by Reductively Desorbing SAMs? An in Situ Study Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Electrochemistry (2013)
Langmuir, 29 (6), 2065--2074 - Resistivity-microstructure correlation of self-annealed electrodeposited copper thin films (2012)
Microelectronic Engineering, 95, 26-33 - Controlling the deposition of Pt nanoparticles within the surface region of Nafion (2011)
Journal of Membrane Science, 376 (1-2), 162-169 - Electrochemistry and in situ fluorescence microscopy of octadecanol layers doped with a BODIPY-labeled phospholipid Investigating an adsorbed heterogeneous layer (2010)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 649 (1-2), 126-135 - Nafion Film-Templated Platinum Electrodes for Oxygen Reduction (2010)
Electrocatalysis, 1 (1), 22-27 - Recrystallization of Electrodeposited Copper Thin Films During Annealing (2010)
Journal of Electronic Materials, 39 (11), 2476--2482 - Stability of PtZn Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon in Acidic Electrochemical Environments (2010)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114 (1), 546--553 - Adsorbate-induced surface reorganization on PtZn electrode (2009)
Electrochimica Acta, 54 (3), 1095--1101 - Liquid Crystalline Phase Templated Platinum Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction (2009)
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156 (10), B1169-B1174 - On the Nature of DNA Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au: Measuring Surface Heterogeneity with Electrochemical in Situ Fluorescence Microscopy (2009)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (11), 4042--4050 - Fluorescence Imaging of the Oxidative Desorption of a BODIPY-Alkyl-Thiol Monolayer Coated Au Bead (2008)
Langmuir, 24 (15), 7881--7888 - Investigation of CoS2-based thin films as model catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (2008)
Journal of Catalysis, 258 (1), 235-242 - Surfactant Assisted Catalyst Layer Deposition for PEM Fuel Cells (2008)
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 8, Pts 1 and 2, 16, 1787-1794 - Characterization of FeS2-based thin films as model catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (2007)
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111 (50), 18715-18723 - Fluorescence of Amphotericin B-Deoxycholate (Fungizone) Monomers and Aggregates and the Effect of Heat-Treatment (2007)
Langmuir, 23 (17), 8718--8725 - A methodology for investigating new nonprecious metal catalysts for PEM fuel cells (2006)
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110 (22), 10762-10770 - Characterization of a Co-Se thin film by scanning Auger microscopy and Raman spectroscopy (2006)
Applied Surface Science, 253 (3), 1130-1134 - Characterization of Mixed Alcohol Monolayers Adsorbed onto a Au(111) Electrode Using Electro-fluorescence Microscopy (2006)
Langmuir, 22 (10), 4869--4876 - Electrochemical Formation of a Pt/Zn Alloy and Its Use as a Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells (2006)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110 (17), 8715--8722 - Structure of sputtered Co-Se thin films prepared for an application in catalysis (2006)
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179 (12), 3942-3948 - Novel electrophoresis mechanism based on synchronous alternating drag perturbation (2005)
Electrophoresis, 26 (1), 82-90 - Abnormal grain growth in electrochemically deposited Cu films (2004)
Recrystallization and Grain Growth, Pts 1 and 2, 467-4, 1339-1344 - Effect of heat-treated amphotericin B on renal and fungal cytotoxicity (2004)
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48 (1), 333-336 - Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of lipid organization in an electric field (2004)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 574 (1), 167--184 - Electrochemical Dimerization of 2-(2‘-Thienyl)pyridine Adsorbed on Au(111) Observed by in Situ Fluorescence (2004)
Langmuir, 20 (19), 8270--8278 - On the impedance of a lipid-modified Hg|electrolyte interface (2004)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 562 (2), 135--144 - Selective Reductive Desorption of a SAM-Coated Gold Electrode Revealed Using Fluorescence Microscopy (2004)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126 (26), 8329--8335 - Use of underpotential deposition for evaluation of overpotential deposition kinetics of reactive metals (2004)
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 151 (1), E1-E6 - Epi-fluorescence microscopic characterization of potential-induced changes in a DOPC monolayer on a Hg drop (2003)
The Analyst, 128 (6), 552 - On the Apparent Fluorescence Recovery Due to Electrosorption (2003)
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107 (33), 8524--8531 - Amphotericin B interactions with a DOPC monolayer. Electrochemical investigations (2002)
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1564 (1), 289--297 - Potential-controlled switching of 2-(2 '-thienyl)pyridine adsorbed on Au(111) (2002)
Chemical Communications, (24), 3026-3027 - Visualization of potential induced formation of water-insoluble surfactant aggregates by epi-fluorescence microscopy (2002)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 524-5, 54--61 - Adsorption of DOPC onto Hg from the G∣S interface and from a liposomal suspension (2001)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 516 (1-2), 73--82 - The influence of electrolyte concentration on the adsorption of octadecanol on Au(111) (2001)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 500 (1-2), 408--417 - Adsorption of octadecanol/1-pyrenenonanol mixed monolayers of insoluble surfactant onto Au(111): an electrochemical study (2000)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 480 (1-2), 233--240 - Chronoamperometric Study of Tl(I) Reduction at Gramicidin-Modified Phospholipid-Coated Mercury Electrodes (1999)
Langmuir, 15 (20), 7031--7039 - Fluorescence Imaging Studies of the Electrochemical Adsorption/Desorption of Octadecanol (1999)
Langmuir, 15 (23), 8309--8314 - Iodide adsorption at the Au(111) electrode surface (1999)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 467 (1-2), 342-353 - Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of coordination of organic molecules to gold single crystal surfaces (1999)
Metal-Ligand Interactions in Chemistry, Physics and Biology, 546, 155-181 - Continuing Electrochemical Studies of Phospholipid Monolayers of Dioleoyl Phosphatidylcholine at the Mercury−Electrolyte Interface (1998)
Langmuir, 14 (21), 6269--6273 - Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of adsorption of organic surfactants at Au(HKL) electrodes (1998)
Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 215, U262 - Spectroelectrochemical investigations of the spreading of 4-pentadecyl pyridine onto the Au(111) electrode (1997)
Israel Journal of Chemistry, 37 (2-3), 197-211 - Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of the mechanism of monolayer and multilayer adsorption of an insoluble surfactant at the Au(111)/electrolyte interface (1996)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 409 (1-2), 33-43 - Adsorption of insoluble surfactants at the Au(111) solution interface (1995)
Progress in Surface Science, 50 (1-4), 237-246 - ADSORPTION OF INSOLUBLE SURFACTANTS AT THE AU/SOLUTION INTERFACE (1995)
Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 210, 70-COLL - BARRIER PROPERTIES OF A THIN-FILM OF 4-PENTADECYLPYRIDINE COATED AT AU(111) ELECTRODE SURFACE (1995)
Langmuir, 11 (8), 3243-3250 - ADSORPTION OF INSOLUBLE SURFACTANTS ONTO A AU-SOLUTION INTERFACE (1994)
Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 208, 187-COLL - ADSORPTION OF OCTADECANOL FROM THE GAS SOLUTION INTERFACE ONTO AN ELECTRIFIED GOLD SOLUTION INTERFACE (1994)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 369 (1-2), 259-265 - ELECTROCHEMICAL AND 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION STUDIES OF 2,2'-BIPYRIDINE ADSORPTION AT THE AU(111) ELECTRODE SURFACE (1994)
Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98 (28), 7083-7089 - THE PARTITIONING OF SURFACTANTS FROM THE GAS SOLUTION INTERFACE ONTO AN ELECTRIFIED METAL SOLUTION INTERFACE (1994)
Thin Solid Films, 248 (1), 69-77 - ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIA IN 2-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS (1993)
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 344 (1-2), 343-354
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